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Vera Krischik, Associate Professor, Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota and others

Aug 5, 2014, MNLA Pollinators and Pesticides a 360 Degree Perspective, An Entomological Perspective, Neonicotinyl and bees. Vera Krischik, Associate Professor, Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota and others.

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Vera Krischik, Associate Professor, Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota and others

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  1. Aug 5, 2014, MNLA Pollinators and Pesticides a 360 Degree Perspective, An Entomological Perspective, Neonicotinyl and bees Vera Krischik, Associate Professor, Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota and others

  2. Arbo study: Nursery/greenhouse bedding plants compared to native plants are not visited by bees

  3. Arbo study: Nursery/greenhouse bedding plants compared to native plants are not visited by bees

  4. Arbo study: Nursery/greenhouse compared to native plants are not visited by bees Alternatives to systemic insecticides are contact insecticides, which are available to professional applicators. For the last 10 years the EPA has been registering selective insecticides that conserve beneficial insects and pollinators. pymetrozine, Endeavor, stops mouthparts from feeding/working; flonicamid, Aria, stops mouthparts from feeding/working; pyriproxifen, Distance, diflubenzuron, Adept, Dimilin, or novaluron, Pedestal, IGR, insect growth regulator, stops larval growth; Beauveria bassiana, Botanigard, microbial; s-kinoprene, Enstar II, juvenile hormone mimic; spinosad, Conserve, Entrust, bee friendly when dried; Mites only, Akari, Floramite, Hexygon, Judo, ProMite, Sanmite

  5. Contact compared to systemic insecticides Contact insecticides: • Many used; sprayed on foliage • Insect must eat leaf or walk on leaf to be killed • Toxicity lasts 1-3 weeks • Flowers that open after spraying do not contain insecticides. Systemic insecticides: • Uncommon; treated-seed, soil drench, trunk-inject • Insect must eat leaf, pollen, or nectar to be killed • Toxicity can least for months to years, unknown • Flowers that open will have the insecticide in pollen and nectar for months to years

  6. Most insecticides kill bees Organophosphates + Pyrethroids, are very toxic to bees. • OP, Dimethoate is highly toxic, LD50 15 ng/bee • OP, Chlorpyrifos is toxic, LD50 70 ng/bee • OP, Methyl parathion is highly toxic, LD50 11 ng/bee • Coumaphos is 180 times less than methyl parathion, with LD50 of 2030 ng/ bee • P, Esfenvalerate is highly toxic, LD50 15 ng/bee • P, Cyfluthrin is highly toxic, LD50 37ng/bee • P, Zeta-cypermethrin is extremely toxic, LD50 2 ng/bee • P, Lambda cyhalothrin is highly toxic, LD50 38 ng/bee • P, Permethrin is extremely toxic, LD50 8 ng/bee

  7. Controversy over neonicotinyls and bees • 2013 June: European Union enacts a 2 year ban on neonicotinyl insecticides starting in December 2013 • 2013 January: EFSA (European Food Safety Authority) concludes neonicotinyl treated-seed are a bee risk • 2012 March: US Beekeepers petition for clothianidin to be withdrawn from sale • 2008-2011: Bee deaths are linked to neonicotinyl treated-seed crops by some • 2009: California calls for a review of the effects of neonicotinyl insecticides on bees • 2004-2009: New York restricts use of imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, dinotefuran, and clothianidin • 1996: France bans imidacloprid use as treated-seed on sunflowers, Germany, Spain, Italy and Slovenia, follow

  8. Neonicotinyl insecticide toxicity to bees. Sublethal dose >20 ppb (2ng/bee) reduces foraging, memory, and navigation by binding to nACHRs, N-nicotinic acetycholinesterase receptors. Bees have 40% more receptors. LD50 mortality, not foraging.

  9. US neonicotinyl insecticide use in 2011 143/442 US million acres use neonicotinyl insecticides 83+ million acres of corn have neonicotinyl treated-seed and honeybees use corn for pollen

  10. Imidacloprid, USGS map, EPA registered 1994

  11. Thiamethoxam, USGS map, EPA registered 2000

  12. Clothianidin, USGS map, EPA registered 2003

  13. Dinotefuran, USGS map, EPA registered 2004

  14. Incident Around 25,000 bumblebees and others were found dead under trees at the Target store in Wilsonville, Oregon on Monday, June 17, 2013. The neonicotinyl insecticide dinotefuran (label Safari) was applied pre-bloom according to label. Dead in the parking lot, Bombus vosenesenskii

  15. Incident Residue data confirmed dinotefuran, but data was not released by Oregon Depart. Agriculture. Another bee kill occurred in Hillsboro, OR. Trees were covered in nets and dinotefuran use is banned for 6 months in Oregon.

  16. Incident: 2009 Imidacloprid residue in linden trees. Report from 2009 Imidacloprid soil injection at a golf course State of California, Department of Pesticide Regulations, Evaluation report on Merit 2F applied to 11 Tilia cordata linden trees at a golf course in Willimington DE in 2006 and 2007 and hundreds of dead bees found at the trees in 2008 Imidacloprid in leaves was 2,600 -11,700 ppb Imidacloprid in dead bumblebees was 146 ppb For regulatory purposes, the LD50 of imidacloprid to the honey bee is 3.7 ng/bee=37 ppb. Bayer CropScience indicated the amount in the bees exceeded the LD50.

  17. Duration of imidacloprid from 1X application 12 months on linden (Frank et al. 2007, Johnson and Williamson 2007) 12 months on poplar (Tenczar and Krischik 2007) 12 months on ash (McCullough et al. 2003) 24 months on hemlock (Cowles et al. 2006) 24 months cotoneaster (Szczepaniec and Raupp 2007

  18. Comparing seed treatment, agricultural rates, and landscape rates. 0.11 mg/canola seed 0.625 mg/ corn seed 300 mg 3 gal pot 480 times more in pot compared to corn seed 2,700 times more in pot compared to canola seed Landscape Ornamental tree label: Used 29 g on basswood tree and 33 ppb found in Flowers (Krischik et al. 2015). Agricultural citrus tree label: Used 4 g on citrus tree and 10 ppb found in nectar (Byrne et al. 2013).

  19. Other aspects of foraging and neonicotinyls

  20. Foraging and neonicotinyls

  21. Foraging and neonicotinyls

  22. Conclusions 1. Most bedding plants and hanging baskets contain cultivars not visited by bees. 2. So neonicotinyl use in nurseries and greenhouse do not affect beneficial insects as they do not feed on these plants. 3. Many new EPA registered insecticides can be used on native and heirloom plants visited by bees. 4. Seed treatments result in the lowest levels of neonicotinyl insecticide in nectar and pollen. Few studies demonstrate that seed treatments reduce honeybee health. 5. However, greenhouse and landscape applications use higher rates compared to agriculture. 6. However, many, many papers demonstrate that neonicotinyl insecticides affect foraging, learning, and orientation at sub lethal levels below 192 ppb. 7. The n-nicotinic acetylcholinesterase receptors are 40% higher in bees that use dancing, navigation, and learning to find food.

  23. Soil-applied imidacloprid alters predator and parasitoid survival and behavior: 1. Coleomegillamaculata, Harmoniaaxyridis, Hippodamiaconvergens (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) 2. Anagyruspseudococci (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) 3. Chrysoperal carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) 4. Bombus impatiens (Hymenoptera: Apidae)

  24. Soil-applied imidacloprid alters survival and behavior of Coleomegilla maculata by 14 d

  25. Soil-applied imidacloprid alters behavior and survival of Coleomegilla, Hippodamia Harmonia

  26. Soil-applied imidacloprid alters behavior and survival of Coleomegilla, Hippodamia Harmonia

  27. Soil-applied imidacloprid alters survival and behavior of Anagyrus pseudococci (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae)

  28. Soil-applied imidacloprid alters behavior and survival of Anagyrus (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) Experiment 1 Day 1 100 * 75 % Survivorship * 50 25 * 0 Experiment 2 Day 1 * * Experiment 3 Day 1 100 100 75 % Survivorship * 75 50 % Survivorship 25 * 50 0 2X 1X AZ UF UFS LVS S N Treatments 25 0 % survivorship of Anagyrus pseudococci at 1 d

  29. Soil-applied imidacloprid alters behavior and survival of Anagyrus (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) Experiment 1 Day 7 100 * 75 % Survivorship * 50 25 0 Experiment 2 Day 7 * * Experiment 3 Day 7 100 75 % Survivorship 50 100 25 75 % Survivorship 0 50 25 0 2X 1X AZ UF UFS LVS S N Treatments % survivorship of Anagyrus pseudococci at 7 d

  30. Soil-applied imidacloprid alters behavior and survival of Chrysoperal carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae)

  31. Soil-applied imidacloprid alters behavior and survival of Chrysoperal carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae)

  32. Soil-applied imidacloprid alters behavior and survival of Chrysoperal carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae)

  33. Bumble bee colonies with flight box Brood box Flight box

  34. Colony consumption B: Week 2: F = 42.05, DF = 4, 17, p < 0.001 Week 4: F = 91.96, DF = 4, 14, p < 0.001 Week 6: F = 42.77, DF = 4, 28, p < 0.001 Week 8: F = 48.52, DF = 4, 8, p < 0.001 A: Week 2: F = 52.51, DF = 4, 16, p < 0.001 Week 4: F = 27.40, DF = 4, 14, p < 0.001 Week 6: F = 22.61, DF = 4, 12, p < 0.001 Week 8: F = 7.67, DF = 3,17, p = 0.002 A

  35. Colony weight A: Week 0: F= 1.84, DF = 4,16, p = 0.170 Week 11: F= 16.20, DF = 4,35, p < 0.001 B: Week 0: F= 0.87, DF = 4,37, p = 0.492 Week 11: F = 16.10, DF = 4,37, p < 0.001

  36. A: F= 2.72, DF = 4,35, p = 0.045 B: F= 12.07, DF = 4,37, p < 0.001 Syrup pots added

  37. Systemic neonicotinyl insecticides reduce foraging and survival in beneficial insects and bees Imidacloprid first reduces movement and foraging. Sublethal dose: 20 ppb (2ng/bee) reduces foraging, memory, and navigation Lethal dose: LC50 for honey bees of 185 ppb (EPA CA) or 192 ppb (Bayer) Bees have 40% more n-acetylcholinesterase receptors that are associated with memory and foraging. In 1990 goal was IPM in 75% of the US crop. Neonicotinyl insecticides were considered compatible with IPM due to lower mammalian toxicity and reduced spray drift as the insecticides were applied to the soil. Bayer researcher Schmuck et al. 1999 said, 1 ppb was in pollen only. We now know that was an under estimation. Systemic neonicotinyl insecticides kill beneficials and are not compatible with IPM.

  38. 2012 Imidacloprid residue in basswood trees Basswood trees 10 in DBH, 28g/tree 2012 June Aug leaves 554 ppb 1,023 ppb soil 15,436 ppb 5,956 ppb flowers 33 ppb (n=8, 11-72 ppb) Landscape Ornamental tree label: QualiPro or Xytect label 0.1 to 0.4 fl/oz per inch DBH, 0.3 to 0.4 fl oz trees >15 in DBH Used 29 g on basswood tree and 33 ppb found in flowers Agricultural label: Admire Pro, Bayer CropScience imidaloprid label Byrne et al. 2013 Used 4 g on citrus tree and 10 ppb found in nectar

  39. Residue in pollen and nectar, very few papers

  40. 2011 Imidacloprid residue plants penick.net

  41. Imidacloprid residue and bee kills in field penick.net

  42. 2009, 2010, 2011 Imidacloprid residue rose

  43. 2005, 2007, 2011 Imidacloprid residue buckwheat, milkweed

  44. 2012 Imidacloprid residue canola pollen

  45. 2012 Imidacloprid residue canola soil

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