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What was the Renaissance?…a “rebirth” in learning and doing…a challenge of the “status quo”…encouragement within society to “think outside of the box” and ”carpe diem”…the beginning of the modern era in world history, by recreating the greatness of the classical civilizations…an incredible time in which thinking leapt beyond the capabilities of civilization
Where did the Renaissance happen? … modern-day Italy (Florence, Rome, Venice, Milan and Naples) ... thus spreading throughout all of Europe from Italy to Germany, France, the Netherlands and, eventually, England.
Who, or what, was effected by the Renaissance? … “everyone” and “everything” was in one way or another affected by the renaissance ideas. … areas that changed, included artistic, literary, religious, scientific, exploratory and commercial endeavors at every level of society.
How and why did the Renaissance happen? … a strong desire, or thirst, for knowledge that had been forgotten about since classical times. … out of necessity, as society was too curious about every aspect of life and existence, which led to a “rebirth” in human curiosity.
Commercial: global banking; world markets and economies. Art: life-like realism in society; religious influence; idealism. Areas of the Renaissance Exploration: discovery; exploration and conquest; “Glory, God and Gold”. Literature: tragedy, comedy, drama; entertainment with messages about society. Religion: religious controversy that split church into Roman Catholic and Protestant. Science: seeking the truth about the reality of nature; science vs. religion/superstition.
Humanism: a study of classical Greek and Roman culture; focus on individual achievement • Petrarch: 1st humanist; created libraries and encouraged knowledge • Patron: a supporter of the arts • De Medici: a wealthy Italian family who supported renaissance art
Donatello: life-like statues and sculptures with classical influence • Raphael: combine Christian and classical paintings; School of Athens • Michelangelo: sculptor and painter; La Pieta, David, Moses and Sistine Chapel • Da Vinci: “true renaissance man”; artist, inventor, designer, painter, scientist…; Mona Lisa, Last Supper
Anguissola: “female” court painter • Brunelleschi: architect; designer of domes ------- • Durer: copper and woodcut engravings; book illustrations; Da Vinci-like • Van Eyck: realistic paintings of town life
Bruegel: paintings of countryside and village scenes; criticized problems in society • Rubens: combination painter; classical and realistic daily life
Castiglione: writer; handbook for idealistic court behavior; “well-rounded” person; ideal man and woman • Machiavelli: described ideal governments and leaders; “feared than loved”; The Prince -------------------
Erasmus: church needs to return to simple message of bible; wrote about ending church corruption • More: wrote about an ideal society; “utopia” • Rabelias: editorials about society; Gargantua and Pantagruel
Shakespeare: playwright; plays of virtue and mortality; Hamlet, Macbeth, Romeo/JulietandJulius Caesar • Cervantes: mocked medieval society and chivalry; Don Quixote • Guttenberg: printing press; allows knowledge and learning to become widespread
Roman-Catholic: dominant religion of Europe, but seen as flawed by many • Indulgences: selling of pardons for sins by the church; corrupt means of making money; leads to Christian church split
Luther: disliked church corruption and encouraged change; “salvation through faith”;posted 95 theses; founder of Protestant church • Peace of Augsburg: (1555) meeting that allowed religious freedom in Europe; Roman-Catholic and Protestant
Ptolemy: “geocentric” • theory of universe; earth-centered • Copernicus: “heliocentric” theory of universe; sun-centered • Brahe: astronomy • Kepler: orbits of planets • Galileo: 1st telescope; “heliocentric” ideas contradicted church; Inquisition
Scientific Method: logical method to discover ‘truth’ and knowledge • Bacon: science can help humanity conquer nature and end suffering • Decartes: everything must be proven; inquiry; “I think therefore I am” • Newton: greatest scientist; motion and gravity; opened scientific thinking
Boyle: chemistry • Vesalius: anatomy; muscle and tissue • Pare: infections; stitches • Harvey: heart; circulation of the blood • Leeuwenhoek: microscope
…Renaissance ideas led to global curiosity and discovery, thus leading to further exploration with the way being paved by the leading nations of Europe…
Portugal Spain England France Netherlands
Characteristics of Exploration… • Commercial Revolution (money-lending) encouraged new ideas, methods and voyages; Dutch, Jews and monarchies • Desire to reach the exotic Far East wealth and luxury goods…by-pass the dangers of the Silk Road • “Glory, God and Gold” • Collision of cultures…”superior vs. inferior”…cultural destruction
Age of Exploration Explorers - Dias (1487-1488) • Portugal • rounded southern tip of Africa Columbus (1492) • Spain • West Indies/ New World
Da Gama (1497-1498) • Portugal • 1st to reach India Vespucci (1497-1502) • Spain • West Indies, South America • “Americas”
Cabral (1500) • Portugal • Brazilian coast Balboa (1513) • Spain • Pacific Ocean
Magellan (1509-1522) • Spain • 1st to circumnavigate the globe De Leon (1513) • Spain • “Fountain of Youth”
Cortes (1519-1521) • Spain • Conquered Aztecs Pizarro (1531) • Spain • Conquered Incas
Coronado (1540-1542) • SpainAmerican Southwest Drake (1577-1580) • England • 1st English explorer to circumnavigate the globe
…to finance all of the above endeavors from arts, literature, religion, science and exploration; the renaissance needed “means” to gain their “ends”. So to fulfill this monetary need, monarchies, patrons and other sources stepped up to support the renaissance spirit. These supporters also included the…
…these financial sources lead to the creation of the Commercial Revolution, or modern-day banking… …all of these incredible events and intriguing people changed the world and laid the foundation for the modern society.
