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Chapter 9: The Spinal Column and Thorax

Chapter 9: The Spinal Column and Thorax. KINESIOLOGY Scientific Basis of Human Motion, 10 th edition Luttgens & Hamilton Presentation Created by TK Koesterer, Ph.D., ATC Humboldt State University. Objectives.

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Chapter 9: The Spinal Column and Thorax

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  1. Chapter 9:The Spinal Column and Thorax KINESIOLOGY Scientific Basis of Human Motion, 10th edition Luttgens & Hamilton Presentation Created by TK Koesterer, Ph.D., ATC Humboldt State University

  2. Objectives 1. Name, locate, & describe the structure & ligamentous reinforcements of the joints 2. Name & demonstrate movements possible 3. Name & Locate muscles & muscle groups, and name their primary actions 4. Analyze the fundamental movements with respect to joint & muscle actions 5. Describe common athletic injuries

  3. SPINAL COLUMNStructure • 7 Cervical Vertebrae • 12 Thoracic Vertebrae • 5 Lumbar Vertebrae • Sarcrum • Coccyx Fig 9.1

  4. Articulation of Vertebral Bodies • Cartilaginous joint • Intervertebral discs is fibrocartilage • Outer fibrous rim • Nucleus pulposus • Permits compression in any direction & torsion • Shock absorbers Fig 9.2

  5. Ligamentous Reinforcement • Anterior longitudinal ligaments • Posterior Longitudinal ligament Fig 9.3a & (.4a

  6. Articulation of Vertebral Arches • Facets are nonaxial • Enclosed in a capsule • Permit gliding • Motion determined be the direction that the facets face Fig 9.5

  7. Articulation of Vertebral ArchesCervical • Slant at about 450 • Seems to favor rotation & lateral flexion • Movements are flexion & hyperextension & lateral flexion • Rotation moderate from C2 down Fig 9.6a

  8. Articulation of Vertebral ArchesThoracic • Facets face backward, slightly upward & lateralward • Permit rotation & lateral bending Fig 9.6b

  9. Articulation of Vertebral ArchesLumbar • Facets face inward & slightly backward • Locked against rotation • Permits flexion & hyperextension Fig 9.6c

  10. Articulation of Vertebral ArchesLigaments Fig 9.7

  11. Atlanto-Occipital Articulation • Condyles of occipital bone articulate with articular fossa of the atlas • The two joint act like a hinge joint • Permit flexion & extension Fig 9.8

  12. Atlantoaxial Articulation • Perfect example of a pivot joint • Sole function is rotation • Dens projects upward form axis, & held in place by transverse ligament Fig 9.9

  13. MOVEMENTS OF THE SPINE AS A WHOLE Fig 9.11a & b Flexion Extension

  14. MOVEMENTS OF THE SPINE AS A WHOLE Fig 9.11c & d Lateral flexion Rotation

  15. Regional Classification of Spinal Movements • Atlanto-occipital joint • Flexion & extension, Hyperextension • Slight lateral flexion • Atlantoaxial joint • Rotation • Remaining cervical joints • Flexion & extension, Hyperextension • Lateral flexion • Rotation

  16. Regional Classification of Spinal Movements • Thoracic region • Moderate flexion • Slight hyperextension • Moderate lateral flexion • Rotation • Lumbar • Flexion & extension, Hyperextension • Lateral flexion • Slight Rotation

  17. Summary of Factors Influencing Stability & Mobility of the Spine Pressure & Tension Stresses: discs pushes vertebrae apart & ligaments press them together Anteroposterior Curves: influence the nature & degrees of movement is different regions Relative Thickness & Shape of Discs: greater freedom of motion where discs are thick Thickness & Strength of Ligaments: regional differences influence motions permitted

  18. Summary of Factors Influencing Stability & Mobility of the Spine Direction & Obliquity of Articular Facets: regional characteristics determine motion permitted Size & Obliquity of Spinous Processes: Thoracic overlap & limit hyperextension, Lumbar are horizontal & do not restrict motion Articulations of Ribs with Vertebrae: Limit lateral flexion in thoracic region

  19. MUSCLES OPERATING SPINAL COLUMNLocation: Anterior Aspect • Cervical Region • Prevertebral muscles (longus capitis & coli, rectus capitis anterior & lateralis) • Hyoid muscles (suprahyoids & infrahyoids) • Thoracic • Abdominal muscles • Obliquus externus & internus abdominis • Rectus abdominis • Transverse abdominis

  20. MUSCLES OPERATING SPINAL COLUMNLocation: Posterior Aspect • Cervical Region Only • Splenius capitis & cervicis • Suboccipitals • Cervical, Thoracic & Lumbar Region • Erector spinae • Deep posterior spinal muscles • Semispinalis thoracis, cervicis, and capitis

  21. MUSCLES OPERATING SPINAL COLUMNLocation: Lateral Aspect • Cervical Region • Scalenus anterior, posterior, & medius • Sternocleidomastoid • Levator scapulae • Lumbar Region • Quadratus lumborum • Psoas major

  22. Prevertebral Muscles Function: • Together: flex head & neck • Singly: laterally flex & rotate to opposite side Fig 9.13

  23. Hyoid Muscles Function: flex head & neck, and swallowing Fig 9.14

  24. Obliquus Externus Abdominis Function: • Together: flex thoracic & lumbar spine • Singly: laterally flex & rotate spine to opposite side Fig 9.15

  25. Obliquus Internus Abdominis Function: • Together: flex thoracic & lumbar spine • Singly: laterally flex & rotate spine to the same side Fig 9.16

  26. Rectus Abdominis Function: • Together: flex thoracic & lumbar spine • Singly: laterally flex spine Fig 9.17

  27. Transversus Abdominis Function: stabilize trunk Fig 9.18

  28. Splenius Capitis & Cervicis Function: • Together: extend & hyperextend head & neck • Singly: laterally flex head & neck, and rotate them to the same side Fig 9.19

  29. Levator Scapulae Function: • Together: stabilize neck • Singly: laterally flex neck Fig 9.19

  30. Suboccipital Group Function: • Together: extend & hyperextend head • Singly: laterally flex head, or rotates it to the same side Fig 9.20

  31. Erector Spinae Function: • Together: extends head & spine • Singly: rotates spine to own side Fig 9.21

  32. Deep Posterior Spinal Muscles Function: • Symmetrical: extend & hyperextend spine • Asymmetrical: rotates spine to opposite side and assist in lateral flexion Fig 9.22

  33. Semispinalis Thoracis, Cervicis, & Capitis Function: • Together: extend & hyperextend thoracic & cervical spine • Singly: lateral flexion & rotates spine to opposite side Fig 9.23

  34. Scalenus Anterior, Posterior, & Medius Function: • Together: flex cervical spine • Singly: laterally flex neck • Elevate upper ribs in forced inspiration Fig 9.24

  35. Sternocleidomastoid Function: • Together: flex neck & extend head • Singly: laterally flex head & neck, and rotate to opposite side Fig 9.25

  36. Quadratus Lumborum Function: • Together: stabilize pelvis & lumbar spine • Singly: laterally flex lumbar spine Fig 9.26

  37. Psoas Function: • Together: stabilize spine • Singly: laterally flex lumbar spine Fig 7.14

  38. MUSCULAR ANALYSIS OF FUNDAMENTAL MOVMENTS OF HEAD & SPINECervical Spine & Atlanto-Occipital Joint • Flexion: Sternocleidomastoid, scalenes, prevertebral muscles • Extension & Hyperextension: Splenius, erector spinae, semispinalis, deep posterior spinal muscles, suboccipitalis • Lateral flexion: Splenius, erector spinae, semispinalis, scalenes, sternocleidomastoid • Rotation: sternocleidomastoid, deep posterior spinal muscles, splenius, erector spinae, occipitalis

  39. Thoracic & Lumbar Spine • Flexion: abdominals • Extension & Hyperextension: Erector spinae, semispinalis thoracis, deep posterior spinal muscles • Lateral flexion: erector spinae, oblique abdominals, quadratus lumborum • Rotation to Left: left internal oblique & erector spinae, right external oblique, semispinalis thoracis, other deep posterior spinal muscles

  40. THE THORAXStructure • Bony-cartilaginous cage • Formed by ribs & cartilages • Sternum • Thoracic vertebrae • 7 true ribs • 5 false ribs • 2 floating ribs Fig 9.30

  41. Structure • Ribs • Articular surface • Tubercle • Shape • All but the lowest two articulate with the sternum Fig 9.31

  42. Structure • 1st, 10-12th ribs articulate with one vertebrae • All others articulate with two adjacent vertebrae • Nonaxial: permits slight gliding Fig 9.32

  43. Structure • Except ribs 11 & 12, • Each also has an articulation between • Tubercle of rib • Transverse process of vertebrae Fig 9.33

  44. Structure • Sternocostal joints • Sternocostal • Costochondral • Interchondral • Intersternal Fig 9.34

  45. MOVEMENTS OF THORAXEnlargement of Thorax in Inhalation • Increase in Transverse diameter • In crease in Anteroposterior diameter • Increase in Vertical Diameter Fig 9.35

  46. Phases of Respiration • Preinspiration: brief static phase that precedes the intake of air • Inspiration: expansion of thorax & taking in of air • Per-expiration: brief static phase follows inspiration • Expiration: outflow of air & decrease in thoracic volume

  47. MUSCLES OF RESPIRATION • Primary Function of Respiration • Diaphragm • Intercostales, external & internal • Levatores costorum • Serratus posterior inferior • Serratus posterior superior • Transversus thoracis

  48. MUSCLES OF RESPIRATION • Secondary Function of Respiration • Abdominals • Erector Spinae • Extensors of cervical & thoracic spine • Pectoralis major & minor • Quadratus lumborum • Scalenes • Sternocleidomastoid • Trapezius

  49. Muscles with Primary Function in Respiration • Diaphragm • Dome-shaped sheet between thoracic & abdominal cavities • Function: • Inspiration Fig 9.36

  50. Internal Intercostales • Between ribs in downward & backward slant of fiber • Function: • Expiration • External Intercostales • Downward & forward slant of fibers • Function: • Inspiration Fig 9.37

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