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La Belle Epoque: A Glimpse into The Beautiful Era

Explore the enriching characteristics of La Belle Epoque era from 1871-1914, highlighting materialism, urban lifestyle, industrial revolution, democracy, socialism, faith in science, social sciences, philosophy, religious struggles, and societal movements. Witness the dynamic transformations in Europe and globally during this period.

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La Belle Epoque: A Glimpse into The Beautiful Era

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  1. La Belle Epoque[1871-1914]:“The Beautiful Era” Ms. Susan M. PojerHorace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY Adapted by Reiner Kolodinski Glendale HS, Glendale CA

  2. Characteristics of La Belle Epoch • Materialism / Consumerism • Higher standard of living • Development “zones” • Inner Zone Br, Fr, Ger, Belg, No. It,W. Austria • Outer Zone  Ire., Iberian Pen., most of Italy, Europe eastof Ger. • Underdeveloped Zone  Afro-Asia

  3. Characteristics of La Belle Epoch • Increased European Population • Increased public education literacy • - Realism, Sci-Fi, Naturalism, Modernism, magazines, news • Redesign / Growth of Cities • - Urban / Suburban Lifestyle • Migration from Europe • 1850-1940  60 million left Europe • Went to  US, Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Australia/ New Zealand

  4. 6. “Second” Industrial Revolution Steam  electricity Internal combustion & diesel engines. Cars, planes, submarines. Britain  “The World’s Industrial Workshop” Corporations  limited liability of investments. Mass production… cheaper goods Characteristics of La Belle Epoch

  5. Characteristics of La Belle Epoch • 7. Free Trade [esp. in England] • 8. World Markets [Global Economy, Part II] • 9. Advance of Democracy • Extension of the vote (franchise) to the working class. • Creating a “welfare state.”

  6. Characteristics of La Belle Epoch • 10. The Appeal of Socialism • By the 1880s, most socialist parties were Marxist based: Ger. & Fr. • Not very successful in England. Why? • Reforms gained by working class

  7. 11. Faith in Science Alone… Science at the core of industrialization. “New Wonders” of daily life. Charles Darwin(Challenged by T.H. Huxley) Origin of Species [1859], Descent of Man [1871] “survival of the fittest” + “natural selection” “Social Darwinism”  Herbert Spencer Eugenics = Race Theory… nationalist roots? Newtonian Science (fixed laws) turned on its head Einstein  “Theory of Relativity”  nature & energy were separate & distinct. Max Planck  Quantum Physics Characteristics of La Belle Epoch

  8. Characteristics of La Belle Epoch • 12. Social Sciences established • Professionalization of “new” sciences [anthropology, archeaology,etc.] • Psychology • Ivan Pavlov  conditioned responses • Sigmund Freud  psychoanalysis • The Interpretation of Dreams [1900] • The role of the unconscious [the id, ego, super ego].

  9. 13. Social Sciences (cont’d) Sociology Max Weber Bureaucratization = reality of modern life Protestant Work Ethic.. Puritanism Emile Durkheim / Georges Sorel Collective Behavior… Society influences behavior Characteristics of La Belle Epoch

  10. Characteristics of La Belle Epoch • 14. New Trends in Philosophy • Agnosticism: God MAY exist, no proof • Positivism: Human Development (Comte) • Theological = Divine explanation • Metaphysical = Natural explanation • Positive = Scientifically proven • Existentialism (Sören Kierkegaard) • Existence is unique, unexplainable • Choice + responsibility

  11. 14. Philosophy (cont’d) Nihilism: Nothing is knowable or true Friedrich Nietzsche Übermensch  “Super Man” Anti-Christian , anti-democracy Irrationality, instinct, ecstasy, heroism, strength, pride Characteristics of La Belle Epoch

  12. 15. Internal Religious Struggles Skepticism… Is Bible true? Modernism vs. Fundamentalism Secularism > Separation of Church / State Bismarck Kulturkampf…State over Church GB + F>> education Roman Catholic Church 1st Vatican Council (Pius IX) = papal infallibility Leo XIII = Faith + Reason > Thomas Aquinas / Rerum Novarum = marriage, education, property Islamic Resistance > Mahdism, Wahhabism Characteristics of La Belle Epoch

  13. Characteristics of La Belle Epoch • 16. Anti-Semitism • Dreyfus Affair • Theodore Herzl  Der Judenstaat [The Jewish State], 1896 • “Father of Modern Zionism” • 17. Women’s Movement • Emmeline Pankhurst > Suffrage • Anti-feminism = traditional, nurture (misogynism?) • New Feminism: Legal / social / sexual = • Josephine Butler / Auguste Ficke

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