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Understanding Internet Topologies and IP Addressing

Explore the Internet topologies, MPLS backbones, PoP designs, PoP topologies, routing concepts, IP addressing history, and public interconnect points. Learn about transit, peering, and PoP architecture in ISP networks.

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Understanding Internet Topologies and IP Addressing

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  1. Introduction to The Internet ISP Workshops Last updated 24 April 2013

  2. Introduction to the Internet • Topologies and Definitions • IP Addressing • Internet Hierarchy • Gluing it all together

  3. Topologies and Definitions What does all the jargon mean?

  4. Some Icons… Router (layer 3, IP datagram forwarding) Ethernet switch (layer 2, packet forwarding) Network Cloud

  5. Routed Backbone • ISPs build networks covering regions • Regions can cover a country, sub-continent, or even global • Each region has points of presence built by the ISP • Routers are the infrastructure • Physical circuits run between routers • Easy routing configuration, operation and troubleshooting • The dominant topology used in the Internet today

  6. MPLS Backbones • Some ISPs & Telcos use Multi Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) • MPLS is built on top of router infrastructure • Used replace old ATM technology • Tunnelling technology • Main purpose is to provide VPN services • Although these can be done just as easily with other tunnelling technologies such as GRE

  7. Points of Presence • PoP – Point of Presence • Physical location of ISP’s equipment • Sometimes called a “node” • vPoP – virtual PoP • To the end user, it looks like an ISP location • In reality a back hauled access point • Used mainly for consumer access networks • Hub/SuperPoP – large central PoP • Links to many PoPs

  8. PoP Topologies • Core routers • high speed trunk connections • Distribution routers • higher port density, aggregating network edge to the network core • Access routers • high port density, connecting the end users to the network • Borderrouters • connections to other providers • Service routers • hosting and servers • Some functions might be handled by a single router

  9. Network Operation Centre Typical PoP Design Other ISPs Other ISPs Border Backbone link to another PoP Backbone link to another PoP Network Core Service Access Service Access Hosted Services Business Customer Aggregation Consumer Aggregation ISP Services (DNS, Mail, News, FTP, WWW)

  10. More Definitions • Transit • Carrying traffic across a network • Usually for a fee • Peering • Exchanging routing information and traffic • Usually for no fee • Sometimes called settlement free peering • Default • Where to send traffic when there is no explicit match in the routing table

  11. Peering and Transit example transit provider A provider E Backbone Provider C peering peering peering IXP-West IXP-East Backbone Provider D provider B provider F transit A and B peer for free, but need transit arrangements with C and D to get packets to/from E and F

  12. Private Interconnect Autonomous System 334 Provider D border border Provider C Autonomous System 99

  13. Public Interconnect • A location or facility where several ISPs are present and connect to each other over a common shared media • Why? • To save money, reduce latency, improve performance • IXP – Internet eXchange Point • NAP – Network Access Point

  14. Public Interconnect • Centralised (in one facility) • Distributed (connected via WAN links) • Switched interconnect • Ethernet (Layer 2) • Technologies such as SRP, FDDI, ATM, Frame Relay, SMDS and even routers have been used in the past • Each provider establishes peering relationship with other providers at IXP • ISP border router peers with all other provider border routers

  15. Public Interconnect ISP 1 ISP 4 IXP ISP 5 ISP 2 ISP 3 ISP 6 Each of these represents a border router in a different autonomous system

  16. ISPs participating in Internet • Bringing all pieces together, ISPs: • Build multiple PoPs in a distributed network • Build redundant backbones • Have redundant external connectivity • Obtain transit from upstream providers • Get free peering from local providers at IXPs

  17. ISP Peer ISP Peer ISP Peer ISP Peer Upstream 2 Upstream 2 Upstream1 Upstream1 PoP 1 PoP 4 PoP 3 PoP 2 Example ISP Backbone Design IXP Backbone Links Network Core

  18. IP Addressing Where to get address space and who from

  19. IP Addressing Basics • Internet uses two types of addressing: • IPv6 – the new IP protocol • IPv4 – legacy IP protocol • Internet uses classless routing • Routers must be CIDR capable • Classless InterDomain Routing • No routing assumptions made based on the address block • Engineers talk in terms of prefix length • For example: 158.43/16 and 2001:db8::/32

  20. History of IP Addressing • Pre-CIDR (before 1994) • Big networks got a class A • Medium networks got a class B • Small networks got a class C • The CIDR IPv4 years (1994 to 2010) • Sizes of IPv4 allocations/assignments made according to demonstrated need – CLASSLESS • IPv6 adoption (from 2011) • Network Operators get at least one /32 • End Sites get /48 • IANA’s free pool is depleted (February 2011) – the size of IPv4 address allocations and assignments is now very limited

  21. IP Addressing • IP Address space is a resource shared amongst all Internet users • Regional Internet Registries delegated allocation responsibility by the IANA • AfriNIC, APNIC, ARIN, LACNIC & RIPE NCC are the five RIRs • RIRs allocate address space to ISPs and Local Internet Registries • ISPs/LIRs assign address space to end customers or other ISPs • RIRs address distribution: • IPv6 is plentiful • IPv4 is very limited

  22. Non-portable Address Space • “Provider Aggregatable” or “PA Space” • Customer uses RIR member’s address space while connected to Internet • Customer has to renumber to change ISP • Aids control of size of Internet routing table • Need to fragment provider block when multihoming • PA space is allocated to the RIR member • All assignments made by the RIR member to end sites are announced as an aggregate to the rest of the Internet

  23. Portable Address Space • “Provider Independent” or “PI Space” • Customer gets or has address space independent of ISP • Customer keeps addresses when changing ISP • Is very bad for size of Internet routing table • Is very bad for scalability of the routing system •  PI space is rarely distributed by the RIRs

  24. Internet Hierarchy The pecking order

  25. High Level View of the Global Internet Global Providers Regional Provider 1 Regional Provider 2 Content Provider 1 Content Provider 2 Access Provider 1 Access Provider 2 R4 Internet Exchange Point Customer Networks

  26. Detailed View of the Global Internet • Global Transit Providers • Connect to each other • Provide connectivity to Regional Transit Providers • Regional Transit Providers • Connect to each other • Provide connectivity to Content Providers • Provide connectivity to Access Providers • Access Providers • Connect to each other across IXPs (free peering) • Provide access to the end user

  27. Categorising ISPs Tier 1 ISP Tier 1 ISP $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ Tier 1 ISP Tier 1 ISP Tier 2 ISP Tier 2 ISP Tier 2 ISP Tier 2 ISP IXP IXP Tier 3 ISP Tier 3 ISP Tier 3 ISP Tier 3 ISP Tier 3 ISP Tier 3 ISP

  28. Inter-provider relationships • Peering between equivalent sizes of service providers (e.g. Tier 2 to Tier 2) • Shared cost private interconnection, equal traffic flows • No cost peering • Peering across exchange points • If convenient, of mutual benefit, technically feasible • Fee based peering • Unequal traffic flows, “market position”

  29. Default Free Zone The default free zone is made up of Internet routers which have explicit routing information about the rest of the Internet, and therefore do not need to use a default route NB: is not related to where an ISP is in the hierarchy

  30. Gluing it together

  31. Gluing it together • Who runs the Internet? • No one • (Definitely not ICANN, nor the RIRs, nor the US,…) • How does it keep working? • Inter-provider business relationships and the need for customer reachability ensures that the Internet by and large functions for the common good • Any facilities to help keep it working? • Not really. But… • Engineers keep working together!

  32. Engineers keep talking to each other... • North America • NANOG (North American Network Operators Group) • NANOG meetings and mailing list • www.nanog.org • Latin America • Foro de Redes • NAPLA • LACNOG – supported by LACNIC • Middle East • MENOG (Middle East Network Operators Group) • www.menog.net

  33. Engineers keep talking to each other... • Asia & Pacific • APRICOT annual conference • www.apricot.net • APOPS & APNIC-TALK mailing lists • mailman.apnic.net/mailman/listinfo/apops • mailman.apnic.net/mailman/listinfo/apnic-talk • PacNOG (Pacific NOG) • mailman.apnic.net/mailman/listinfo/pacnog • SANOG (South Asia NOG) • E-mail to sanog-request@sanog.org

  34. Engineers keep talking to each other... • Europe • RIPE meetings, working groups and mailing lists • e.g. Routing WG: www.ripe.net/mailman/listinfo/routing-wg • Africa • AfNOG meetings and mailing list • Caribbean • CaribNOG meetings and mailing list • And many in-country ISP associations and NOGs • IETF meetings and mailing lists • www.ietf.org

  35. Summary • Topologies and Definitions • IP Addressing • PA versus PI address space • Internet Hierarchy • Local, Regional, Global Transit Providers • IXPs • Gluing it all together • Engineers cooperate, common business interests

  36. Introduction to The Internet ISP Workshops

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