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Introduction to the Internet Architecture

Introduction to the Internet Architecture. Kazunori SUGIURA, PhD. September 2 nd , 2003. About Myself. Kazunori Sugiura (Born Feb 4 th 1970) Bachelor degree: Keio University(1994) Faculty of Environmental Information Graduate School: Masters Degree: Keio University(1996)

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Introduction to the Internet Architecture

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  1. Introduction to the Internet Architecture Kazunori SUGIURA, PhD. September 2nd, 2003

  2. About Myself • Kazunori Sugiura (Born Feb 4th 1970) • Bachelor degree: Keio University(1994) • Faculty of Environmental Information • Graduate School: Masters Degree: Keio University(1996) • Faculty of Media and Governance • phD(2002): • Faculty of Media and Governancein profession of Information Technology • Researcher in Communication Research Laboratory • High Speed Network Division (Internet Architecture Group) • Part time instructor in Keio University J. Murai, H. Tokuda, O. Nakamura, H Kusumoto Lab. • Part time instructor in Otsuma Woman’s Univ. • Member of WIDE Project.

  3. About My Lecture • Today • Introduction to the Internet Architecture • Brief Internet and “IP” history • IP Tomorrow • Tomorrow • Leftovers from today • Internet Architecture and Broadband applications

  4. Preparatory Hearings • How many of you know the history of “The Internet”? • How many of you have heard IPv4? • How many of you have heard IPv6?

  5. History of the Internet (IPv4) andincoming IPv6

  6. Starting of the Internet • Mid 1960s (D)ARPA, USA requested • Network which can resist Nuclear war • Circuit switching is weak • Packet exchange • 1970s TCP/IP was born (Protocol Method)

  7. Protocol Topic

  8. What is Protocol? • Pledge to have a communication • Examples:IP、HTTP、TCP、FTP、UDP、ICMP、etc… • Why do we use protocols? • extendibility • Scalability • Transparent to different medium

  9. Topology and communications Topic

  10. There are many ways for network connections. Network Topology Ring Star Bus Tree Mesh

  11. I want to talk to him alone Uni-cast communications Network

  12. Broadcast I wan to talk to Everyone Network

  13. Talking to group of people Multicast I wan to talk to Group of People Network

  14. Circuit Exchange (ex. Analog telephone) • Talk to each other with circuits (virtual circuits). Exclusive dedicated line.

  15. Shares same pipes, when its not crowded, its smooth When crowded, may be jammed Packet exchange (Internet) • Send chunks of data (packets) in shared networks

  16. Characteristics of the Internet Topic

  17. End-To-End modem • End system try their best • End system does not now about the network

  18. Best effort • Relay system will “try” their best to transport data • Internet does not assure the data to be sent perfectly

  19. Duty for Relay system (IP) Best effort Try their best Duty for End system (TCP/IP) Responsible for data to be sent Acknowledge to the receiver Re-transmit Slow down Divide the information to smaller chunks Autonomous Distributed Collaborated

  20. Layering Models of the Internet Topic

  21. OSI Layer model data restoring Encoding packet packet frame signal All we see is an application layer and physical layer

  22. Japan to USP Airplane USP Taxi My house Hotel Train Station gate Inspection Shin-Kawasaki Bus Custom/domestic Suva Narita Express Nadi Airport Narita Airport

  23. Data OSI Layer and packet • Transmission • Each layer adds necessary information and delivers it to the lower layer • Receiver • Each layer processes the data within the information, restores it, and passes to the upper layer Layer Info. Application Application Data TCP UDP TCP UDP IP IP Network Interface Network Interface Physical Physical Transmit node Receiver node

  24. Actual Layering model Religion / God Religion / God Realistic Layer Society / Political Society / Political Person Person Application Application Presentation Presentation Session Session Traditional OSI Layer Transport Transport Network Network Data link Data link Physical Physical

  25. 1) Physical Layer • Physical Signal transport line • Strength of signal • Encoding modulation • Medium • Fibers, copper wires, AC outlet, satellites, wireless • ITU-T, ISO • Specifications • X.25，IEEE，ATM，ISDN… • Fibers: SONET，FDH…

  26. 2) Data Link Layer • Protocol specification for sending packet to physical communication medium • Synchronous, transmission control • CSMA/CD • Identification • MAC Address • Error Correction • CRC Checksum

  27. 3) Network Layer • Unaware of physical lines, considering point to point transmission through the whole internet. • IPv4，IPv6 • Unique address • Routing

  28. 4) Transport layer • Inter process communication specification for each node (host) • TCP，UDP • Service identification inside the node (port)

  29. 5) Session Layer • Layer specification of session (from beginning of communication and the end) • Finite State Machine • Initilize State, *** State, etc… • Generally application handles the session

  30. 6) Presentation Layer • Specification of presentation of data communicated by session layer( coding, encryption) • Byte order • Least/Most Significant Bit (LSB/MSB) • Htonl (), Htons () • Generally, application handles the presentation of data.

  31. 7) Application Layer • For communication between application • E-Mail Format • HTTP, FTP

  32. Many Mediums, Data-link Wireless LANs Campus UTP HUB/ Switch LANs ISDN Ethernet ADSL Internet Fibers Telecom Providers WDM PPP LANs Remote Campus HOME

  33. IP address Topic

  34. IP address • Telephone • Dial number • Letters • Address • Network requires the destination to send to • Address of the Internet • IP Address

  35. Protocol Layering process process process process transport layer TCP UDP Internet Group Management Protocol ICMP IP IGMP network layer Internet Control Message Protocol ARP RARP data link layer hardware interface media

  36. IP Address • Definitions for Internet Protocol • v4：203.178.143.71 • v4 → 32bit、v6 → 128bit Address pool • Unique numbers • IP Address • Written in Decimal format • 133.27.4.120 • Inside the computers, are binary digits • 10000101 00011011 00000100 01111000 • Hexadecimal format • 0x85 1B 04 78

  37. IPv4 and IPv6 Topic

  38. What is IPv6? • New Internet Protocol • We are currently using Version 4 • Next version is Version 6 Version 5 was being obsolete Version 6 is realized • Pool of available IP address • IP version 4 • ex.) 133.27.41.68 • 4 Byte, 32bit = 2^32 • 4,294,967,296 individuals • IP Version 6 • ex.) 2001:8013:fe59::ffe0:0001 • 16 Byte, 128bit = 2^128 • 340,282,366,920,938,463,463,374,607,431,768,211,456 indivisuals • Fixed header length • Variety of option header

  39. Why addressing so important? • IP version 4 • Used to identify the computers connected to the networks • Not enough for all the peoples in the global region. • IP version 6 • To identify every object on Earth. Real Network

  40. So many addresses in IPv6? • Address length is 128 bit • 4 times longer compared to IPv4 address • And the available address is … • 2^128 available address pool • Approx. 3.4×10^38 • Can identify 2.2×10^20 individuals in 1cm２ • Can you count? • 340,282,366,920,938,463,463,374,607,431,768,211,456

  41. History of IPv6 • IP next generation • IPv6

  42. Address Scheme of IPv6

  43. IPv6 Address • IP address is 16bytes (128bit） • If you try to write IPv6 address in similar format used in IPv4: • 123.123.123.123.123.123.123.123.123.123.123.123.123.123.123.123 • Write IPv6 address in hexadecimal format • “:” is used instead of “.” • Continuous “0” can be abbreviated once • Example:3ffe:501:100c:d220:220:e0ff:fe89:dc83ffe:501:100c:1::1 = 3ffe:501:100c:1:0:0:0:1

  44. Characteristics of IPv6 • Available pool of address space • 128bit address • Anything can be connected to the networks • Home appliances, mobile phones, cars, • Performance improvements • Simple header for less load factor to relay system • Relay system does not fragment packets • New Technology • Automatic network configuration (Plug and Play) • Mobility, Security, Scalability upgrade

  45. Windows XP supports IPv6 anonymous global address public global address link-local address

  46. 3 different IP address for IPv6 • Global address Unique address used to identification throughout the network • Link local address Permitted only to the LAN segment of the network devices which are connected to • Site local address Address used dedicatedly which is not connected to the internet

  47. Global Address • 3bit prefix…“001” • IPv4: Class • Interface ID is automatically configured with hardware MAC address 3bit 13bit 32bit 16bit 64bit TLA ID SLAID Interface ID NLAID 001 Site Topology Public Topology Interface Identification

  48. Link local address • Starts with “fe80” • Do not send datagram starting with this address • Ex. Automatic address configuration, finding nearest nodes 10bit 54bit 64bit Interface ID 1111111010 0000 . . . . . . . 0000

  49. Site local address • Starts with “fec0” • IPv6 router should not send datagram starting with this address outside the site 38bit 16bit 64bit 10bit Subbet ID Interface ID 1111111011 0000 . . . . 0000

  50. IPv4 0 31 Version (4bit) Data length (4bit) Type of Service (8bit) Packet length (byte) (16bit) Identification (16bit) Flag (3bit) Fragment offset (13bit) Time to live (8bit) Protocol (8bit) Header checksum (16bit) Source address (32bit) Destination address (32bit) IP Options (0 or more) Padding Data 32bit

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