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GETTING TO KNOW DNA:

GETTING TO KNOW DNA: . Below is one of the molecules that makes up DNA. What functional groups do you see in the molecule:. Hydroxyl Carboxyl Amine Phosphate. B. A. D. C. Which of the following contains the most variety of essential elements. A B C D.

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GETTING TO KNOW DNA:

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  1. GETTING TO KNOW DNA:

  2. Below is one of the molecules that makes up DNA. What functional groups do you see in the molecule: • Hydroxyl • Carboxyl • Amine • Phosphate

  3. B A D C Which of the following contains the most variety of essential elements • A • B • C • D

  4. As you may already know, DNA stands for…. DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID

  5. Functions of DNA • Control the processes of heredity by which cells and organisms reproduce proteins

  6. Types of Nucleic Acids • DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid): double-stranded • RNA (ribonucleic acid): single-stranded

  7. Nucleic Acid Structure • The monomer units of DNA are known as nucleotides • All nucleotides have three “parts” in common: • Phosphate • Pentose sugar • (ribose or deoxyribose) • Nitrogen base

  8. Deoxyribose Sugar (DNA) • Has 5 carbons • Carbon atoms are numbered 1', 2', 3', 4', and 5' • 5'-carbons link to the phosphate groups • 3'-carbons link to the hydroxyl groups

  9. Notice what’s attached to the 5’ end And the 3’end

  10. Is DNA a monomer or polymer • Monomer • Polymer

  11. What does it mean to be a monomer? What does it mean to be a polymer???

  12. O O 0 What type of reaction is being shown below? • Covalent • Oxidation • Hydrolysis • Dehydration Synthesis • Polymerization 0 of 30

  13. The molecules marked “Y” and “W”: • Polymers and monomers • Water and polymer • Water and monomer • Water and water • Monomers and polymers

  14. What two functional groups will be involved in joining nucleotides? • Phosphate and amine • Phosphate and hydroxide • Amine and amine • Phosphate and phosphate • Amine and hydroxide

  15. The monomer units of DNA are known as…. NUCLEOTIDES

  16. One of FOUR different NITROGEN BASES Phosphate Group Sugar= Deoxyribose All nucleotides have three “parts” in common. They all contain….

  17. PLEASE UNDERSTAND, A NUCLEOTIDE IS A VERY COMPLEX STRUCTURE. IF WE REPRESENTED ALL OF THE ATOMS, IT WOULD LOOK LIKE THIS…

  18. Let’s Practice How to Form DNA!

  19. PHOSPHATE NITROGEN BASE SUGAR We will use our hands to represent a nucleotide.

  20. A T G C The four different Nitrogen Bases for DNA are abbreviated using the following letters…. Adenine Thymine Guanine Cytosine

  21. Using your two hands, please show how you think two nucleotides will/should bond together. Did you put your hands like this???

  22. Time to find out why this is wrong!!!

  23. LOOK! TWO RINGS!!! Adenine and Guanine are larger molecules known as… PURINES

  24. Purines: combination of a pentagon shaped ring and a hexagon shaped ring • Adenine • Guanine

  25. LOOK! Only one ring!! THYMINE and CYTOSINE are smaller molecules known as… PYRIMIDINES

  26. Nitrogen Base Pairing • Adenine and Thymine must form two hydrogen bonds to be stable while Guanine and Cytosine must form three • Makes the base pairing system an extremely simple: the A-T and C-G pairs are the only ones physically possible

  27. Full Finger Half Finger Now, when using our hands to represent the nucleotides, we must modify the nitrogen base in order to represent these PURINES and PYRIMIDINES. How would you represent a large PURINE? How would you represent a small PYRIMIDINE?

  28. In DNA, a PURINE always bonds with a PYRIMIDINE when forming a “rung” of the DNA ladder. LOOK! A long finger pairs with a short finger! In other words, a purine pairs with a pyrimidine.

  29. T A In DNA, Adenine always pairs with Thymine using two hydrogen bonds.

  30. A AND T AT THE ATOMIC LEVEL

  31. C G In DNA GUANINE always pairs with CYTOSINE using three hydrogen bonds.

  32. G AND C AT THE ATOMIC LEVEL

  33. THE ENTIRE MOLECULE AT THE ATOMIC LEVEL

  34. Time to use your brain and hands in order to review nucleotide structure and type. USING YOUR HAND, SHOW ME THYMINE USING YOUR HAND SHOW ME ADENINE SHOW ME CYTOSINE SHOW ME HOW CYTOSINE AND THYMINE BOND TO FORM A RUNG ON THE LADDER THEY DON’T

  35. OK Now that you recognize nucleotide type and structure, it’s time to start building the polymer from these monomers.

  36. Look. Many Rungs. Etc… In order to make a molecule of DNA, you would need to create many rungs to the DNA ladder.

  37. Sugar, Phosphate. Sugar, Phosphate. Sugar, Phosphate. Etc… What part of the nucleotide alternates to form the sides of the DNA ladder? Etc…

  38. The Nitrogen Bases What makes up the “RUNGS” of the ladder?

  39. Go Ahead! Stack you hand on top of your partners hands building two rungs of the DNA ladder.

  40. Why is this WRONG????

  41. The sides of the DNA ladder “run” in opposite directions. One side is actually flipped and the nucleotides are upside down!

  42. TRY IT!!!

  43. Because the sides of the DNA “run” in opposite directions, DNA is said to be ANTIPARALLEL.

  44. 5 prime 5 prime In this DNA molecule, the THUMB part or better known as the PHOSPHATE GROUP, is said to be the 5 prime (5’) end.

  45. 3 Prime 3 Prime The “hand” or sugar part of the DNA molecule makes up the 3 prime (3’) end of the DNA ladder.

  46. Direction of the nucleotides in one strand is opposite to their direction in the other strand: the strands are antiparallel. • Asymmetric ends of DNA strands are called the 5′ (five prime) and 3′ (three prime) ends • 5' end having a terminal phosphate group • 3' end having a terminal hydroxyl group

  47. If you link enough nucleotides together, the DNA molecule begins to take on the characteristic shape known as the Double Helix

  48. Let’s make a candy version of our DNA

  49. You Need… • Two Pipe cleaners • Two red twizzlers • Two black twizzlers • Many toothpicks • Four different colored marshmallows

  50. The marshmallows represent the nitrogen bases. Let’s decide as a class what colors will represent the following nitrogen bases. ADENINE= CYTOSINE= GUANINE= THYMINE=

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