Cognitive Psychology Chapter 1.1 Introduction

1. Cognitive Psychology Chapter 1.1 Introduction

2. Sept. 4, 2014 Chapter 1.1 Introduction • Outline • Course and Instructor • What is Cognitive Psychology? • The History of Cognitive Science • The Rise and Fall of Experimental Psychology Study Question. • Define and briefly describe Cognitive Psychology.

3. Introduction Ulric Neisser (1928 - ) • Course and Instructor • Course web site • Cognitive Psychology • Neisser’s (1968) definition: • Cognitive Psychology:refers to all processes by which the sensory input is transformed, reduced, elaborated, stored, recovered, and used.

4. Introduction • Cognitive Psychology • Text Book definitions: • Cognition:the collection of mental processes and activities used in perceiving, remembering, thinking, and understanding. • Cognitive Science:the study of cognition from the multiple standpoints of psychology, linguistics, computer science, and neuroscience.

5. Introduction Is this person happy? • Cognitive Psychology • Some questions 76 X 17 = ?

6. Introduction True or False A canary can breath A canary can fly

7. Introduction 1500 Reaction Time (ms) 1400 A canary can fly A canary can breath • Studying mental processes • The sentence verification task • Dependent Variable: • - Measurement variable • - “Y” axis • - E.g, RT, • Independent Variable: • - Manipulated variable • - “X” axis • - E.g, Sentence type

8. Introduction Paris Paris in the in the the Spring the Spring Read the following

9. History of Cognitive Psychology Sir Cloudesley Shovell (1650-1707) • Birth of Experimental Psychology • War of the Spanish Succession (1701-1714) • Adm. Cloudesley Shovell • Captured Barcelona (1705) • Failed to capture Toulon (1707) • Miscalculated the fleet’s position • Thought he was in the Channel • Three vessels shipwrecked, over 1300 lost

10. History of Cognitive Psychology Nevil Maskelyne (1732 -1811) John Harrison (1693 - 1776) • Birth of Experimental Psychology • The Longitude Prize of 1714 • The Chronological and the Lunar Method • John Harrison and Nevil Maskelyne • Greenwich “mean” time and star-transits • The “eye and ear” method • Interpolate the transit + 4 measures • The Royal Astronomer fires his assistant

11. History of Cognitive Psychology Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel (1784-1846) The Hipp Chronoscope (1844) • Birth of Experimental Psychology • Bessel’s solution • Trained astronomers differed by as much 1.1 s (1820s) • Introduced correction factors (“personal equations”) • Introduction of chronometers • Early investigations in cognitive processing • Wundt: The personal equation as psychology • Attending to two stimuli at the same time • Willful Attention • Reaction Time • > Mental Chronometry

12. History of Cognitive Psychology Wilhelm Wündt (1832-1920) Hermann von Helmholtz (1821-1894) • The Birth of Experimental Psychology • Neurophysiology - Helmoltz • Finite timing of nerve impulses • Subtractive method • Donders (Reaction Time and Mental Processes, 1865) • A-task: SRT • B-task: SRT+Categorization+selection • C-task: SRT+Categorization • Wundt’s Experimental Laboratory at Leipzig • Published over 53,000 pages • Wundt’s Structuralism

13. History of Cognitive Psychology Edward Bradford Titchener (1867-1927) William James (1842-1910 ) Group photo 1909 in front of Clark University. Front row: Sigmund Freud, Granville Stanley Hall, C.G.Jung; back row: Abraham A. Brill, Ernest Jones, Sandor Ferenczi. • The Death of Experimental Psychology • Titchener’s Structuralism • Introspection as a method • William James and Functionalism • First Introductory textbook • Influence of Darwin • Freud’s Psychodynamics hit America • 1909 Clark University Lectures • Hall: 1st president of the APA • Brill: Translated many of Freud’s book • Jones: Biographer, U of T, U.K., and USA • Ferenszi: One time an inner-circler