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AP Biology

AP Biology. Lecture #44 Classification. Finding commonality in variety . Solar System. Earth. Organisms classified from most general group, domain , down to most specific, species domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species. No. America. U. S. WI. So. WI. Green Co.

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AP Biology

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  1. AP Biology Lecture #44 Classification

  2. Finding commonality in variety Solar System Earth • Organisms classified from most general group, domain, down to most specific, species • domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species No. America U. S. WI So. WI Green Co. New Glarus use the mnemonic!

  3. Devil Cat

  4. Ghost Cat

  5. Mountain Lion

  6. Screaming Cat

  7. Puma

  8. Florida Panther

  9. Cougar

  10. There are at least 50 common names for • the animal shown on the previous 7 slides. • Common names vary according to region. • Soooo……why use a scientific name?

  11. Why are some kinds similar and others NOT similar? • Question to be answered later? • How can we make sense of (explain) this diversity? • How can we organize what we know about these organisms?

  12. Early Efforts at Naming Organisms • The first attempts at standard scientific names often described the physical characteristics of a species in great detail. • Results in long names • Difficult to standardize the names of organisms • Different scientists described different characteristics.

  13. Answer: CLASSIFY! • Similar “types” (species) grouped together, separated from other species. • Then, group similar groups together, etc. • The science of classifying organisms is called taxonomy. • The “father of modern taxonomy” was Carolus Linnaeus (Carl von Linné).

  14. Why Do We Classify Organisms? • Biologists group organisms to represent similarities and proposed relationships. • Classification systems change with expanding knowledge about new and well-known organisms. Tacitus bellus • Classification system organizes biological knowledge. • Classification itself is HYPOTHESIS about relationships, similarity because of common ancestry.

  15. Classification • Binomial Nomenclature • Two part name (Genus, species) • Hierarchical Classification • Seven Taxonomic Catagroies • Systematics • Study of the evolution of biological diversity Leucaenaleucocephala Lead tree

  16. C L A S S I F I C A T I O n

  17. Eukaryote Prokaryote Archaebacteria&Bacteria Classification • Old 5 Kingdom system • Monera, Protists, Plants, Fungi, Animals • New 3 Domain system • reflects a greater understanding of evolution & molecular evidence • Prokaryote: Bacteria • Prokaryote: Archaebacteria • Eukaryotes • Protists • Plants • Fungi • Animals

  18. KingdomBacteria KingdomArchaebacteria KingdomProtist KingdomFungi KingdomPlant KingdomAnimal

  19. Fungi Animalia Kingdoms absorptivenutrition ingestivenutrition Plantae autotrophs heterotrophs Protista uni- tomulticellular multicellular Eubacteria Archaebacteria prokaryotes eukaryotes Single-celled ancestor

  20. Hierarchical Classification • Taxonomic categories • Kingdom King • Phylum Philip • Class Came • Order Over • Family For • Genus Green • Species Soup

  21. CLASSIFICATION = Sequence of levels.Linnaean system, from Carolus Linnaeus, 1740's Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species King Phil called old fat George stupid.

  22. CLASSIFICATION = Linnaean system

  23. The 7 taxonomic categories • Species - a group of organisms that breed with one another and produce fertile offspring. • Genus - a group of closely related species. • Family- genera that share many characteristics. • Order - is a broad taxonomic category composed of similar families. • Class- is composed of similar orders. • Phylum- several different classes that share important characteristics. • Kingdom - largest taxonomic group, consisting of closely related phyla

  24. CLASSIFICATIONWhittaker’s Five Kingdoms, 1965 • Kingdom Monera (Bacteria) • Kingdom Protista • Kingdom Fungi • Kingdom Plantae • Kingdom Animalia

  25. Woese, 1985 • Prokaryotic organisms are far more diverse than thought previously. • Domain Eubacteria(prokaryotic “true bacteria”) • Domain Archaea(prokaryotic “archaeans”) • Domain Eukarya(eukaryotic organisms) The three-domain system Bacteria Archaea Eukarya The six-kingdom system Bacteria Archaea Protista Plantae Fungi Animalia The traditional five-kingdom system Monera Protista Plantae Fungi Animalia

  26. Prokaryotic organisms are far more diverse than thought previously. • Domain Eubacteria(prokaryotic “true bacteria”) • Kingdom Gram-positive bacteria • Kingdom Gram-negative bacteria • Kingdom Mycoplasmas • Kingdom Rickettsias • Kingdom purple-sulfur bacteria • and more • Domain Archaea(prokaryotic “archaeans”) • Domain Eukarya(eukaryotic organisms)

  27. Domain Eubacteria

  28. Prokaryotic organisms are far more diverse than thought previously. • Domain Eubacteria (prokaryotic “true bacteria”) • Domain Archaea (prokaryotic “archaeans”) • Kingdom Thermophiles • Kingdom Halophiles • Kingdom Methanogens • Kingdom ARMANS • (“Archeal Richmond Mine Acidophilic Nanoorganism” Sciencevol 314, 22 Dec. 2006.) • Domain Eukarya (eukaryotic organisms)

  29. Domain Archaea

  30. Prokaryotic organisms are far more diverse than thought previously. • Domain Eubacteria (prokaryotic “true bacteria”) • Domain Archaea (prokaryotic “archaeans”) • Domain Eukarya (eukaryotic organisms) • Kingdom Protista • Kingdom Fungi • Kingdom Plantae • Kingdom Animalia

  31. Domain Eukarya

  32. Kingdom Protista Animal-Like (Protozoans) Paramecium Giardia Amoeba Fungus-Like Plant-Like Water Mold Slime Mold Diatom Euglena Green Algae Brown Algae Dinoflagellates

  33. Kingdom Fungi

  34. Kingdom Plantae Primitive Plants Bryophyte (Moss) Pteridophyte(Fern) Complex Plants Pteridophyte(Fern) Coniferophytes (Pine Trees) Angiosperm; Dicot Angiosperm; Monocot

  35. Kingdom Animalia Porifera Ctenophora Cnidaria Nematoda Platyhelminthes

  36. Chordata Arthropoda Annelida Molluska Echinodermata

  37. Key Characteristics of Kingdoms and Domains Classification of Living Things Eukarya Bacteria Eubacteria Prokaryote Cell walls with peptidoglycan Unicellular Autotroph or heterotroph Streptococcus, Escherichia coli Protista Eukaryote Cell walls of cellulose in some; some have chloroplasts Most unicellular; some colonial; some multicellular Autotroph or heterotroph Amoeba, Paramecium, slime molds, giant kelp Archaea Archaebacteria Prokaryote Cell walls without peptidoglycan Unicellular Autotroph or heterotroph Methanogens, halophiles DOMAIN KINGDOM CELL TYPE CELL STRUCTURES NUMBER OF CELLS MODE OF NUTRITION EXAMPLES Plantae Eukaryote Cell walls of cellulose; chloroplasts Multicellular Autotroph Mosses, ferns, flowering plants Fungi Eukaryote Cell walls of chitin Most multicellular; some unicellular Heterotroph Mushrooms, yeasts Animalia Eukaryote No cell walls or chloroplasts Multicellular Heterotroph Sponges, worms, insects, fishes, mammals Go to Section:

  38. Eukaryotic cells Prokaryotic cells Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Protista Domain Bacteria Domain Archaea Kingdom Fungi Kingdom Animalia Kingdom Eubacteria Kingdom Archaebacteria Section 18-3 Living Things are characterized by Important characteristics which place them in and differing Domain Eukarya Cell wall structures such as which is subdivided into which place them in which coincides with which coincides with Go to Section:

  39. Kingdoms Eubacteria Archaebacteria Protista Plantae Fungi Animalia

  40. Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Did King Phil call old fat George stupid ?

  41. Binomial Nomenclature • Carolus von Linnaeus • Two-word naming system • Genus • Noun, Capitalized, Underlined or Italicized • Species • Descriptive, Lower Case, Underlined or Italicized Carolus von Linnaeus(1707-1778) Swedish scientist who laid the foundation for modern taxonomy

  42. Ursusamericanus American Black Bear Binomial Nomenclature: “a two-name system” First part of name: genus first letter always capitalized Second part of name: species first letter always lowercase Entire name is underlined and italicized Names must be submitted for acceptance by original discoverer, and are generally Latin or Latinized

  43. Often Latin names contain clues about the type of organism being described. CanisdomesticusCanis lupus Names are generally closely related organisms are often in the same genus, also giving clues about their names. Some names are given for the discoverer, or the discovery location, or even a Latinized descriptive term in English.

  44. Systematics:Evolutionary Classification of Organisms • Systematics is the study of the evolution of biological diversity, and combines data from the following areas. • Fossil record • Comparative homologies • Cladistics • Comparative sequencing of DNA/RNA among organisms • Molecular clocks

  45. Taxonomic Diagrams Mammals Turtles Lizards and Snakes Crocodiles Birds Mammals Turtles Lizards and Snakes Crocodiles Birds PhylogeneticTree Cladogram

  46. A phylogenetic tree is a family tree that shows ahypothesis about the evolutionary relationships thought to exist among groups of organisms. It does not show the actual evolutionary history of organisms. Why a hypothesis?

  47. Phylogenetic trees are usually based on a combination of these lines of evidence: • Fossil record • Morphology • Embryological patterns of development • Chromosomes and DNA

  48. Taxa show unique combinations of characteristics. For example, birds have feathers, beaks, and wings, and lay eggs, while mammals have hair, teeth, and give live birth.

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