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Field Experiments

Field Experiments. References: Liu, C.C.K., Park, J.W., Migita, R. and Qing, G. (2002). Prototype Experiments of a Wind-Driven Reverse Osmosis Desalination System, Journal of Desalination , Vol. 150, No. 3, pp. 277-287. Energy conversion Efficiency. Wind-powered Two-stage Pumping.

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Field Experiments

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  1. Field Experiments References: Liu, C.C.K., Park, J.W., Migita, R. and Qing, G. (2002). Prototype Experiments of a Wind-Driven Reverse Osmosis Desalination System, Journal ofDesalination, Vol. 150, No. 3, pp. 277-287.

  2. Energy conversion Efficiency

  3. Wind-powered Two-stage Pumping

  4. Field experiments on System Operation Under Varying Wind Speed Wind speed, m/s Operating pressure, kPa Time, hrs

  5. Reverse osmosis sub-system Water flux Salt flux kw and ki= coefficient for water and salt flux, respectively p = imposed pressure gradient (kPa) Cf= TDS concentration of the feed water on RO membrane Cp= TDS concentration of the product water.

  6. Concentration of the feed water as it flows over the RO membrane

  7. System simulation: Feed water flow and pressure Pumping rate, gpm Pumping rate, m3/hr Wind speed, m/s

  8. System Optimization Objective function Maximize the rate of permeate flow Qp = f (p, Cf, U, and membrane area) Constraints 414 p  965 kPa (60 p  140 psi) (1) Qb / Qp ≥ 5 (at any element) (2) Cp  400 ppm (3) Qf  6 gpm (1.4 m3/h) for 2540, 16 gpm (3.6 m3/h) for 4040 (4) Reference: Park, S. and Liu, C.C.K. (2003). Experiment and Simulation of a Wind-driven Reverse Osmosis Desalination System, Water Engineering Research, Vol.4, No.1, pp. 1-17.

  9. Effective RO membrane area of available RO configuration types

  10. System design guide • Input: • Wind speed • Feed water salinity • System parameters: • Membrane configuration • Operating pressure (kPa) • Output: • Permeate flow rate (m3/hr) • Permeate salinity (ppm)

  11. System optimization and design/operation guide

  12. Pilot Plant Design

  13. Cost Analysis for a Scaling-up System with 50 20-ft Windmills Freshwater Production Cost: $5.40 per 1,000 gallon Cost Analysis for one single unit Capital cost: $45364.00 Capital recovery factor: 0.0736 (20 year project period at 4% interest) Annual operational cost: $4330.00 Total annual costs: $6968.00 Total freshwater produced: 1,285,000 gallons

  14. Technological Transfer Wind-powered RO Desalination Station on Penghu, Taiwan

  15. IV. Concluding Remarks • Water and energy are critical natural resources and are inextricably linked. • Conventional water desalination processes are energy intensive and cannot be adopted by coastal and other similar remote communities where both freshwater and electric power are in short supply. • A renewable-energy--driven reverse osmosis system was designed and successfully tested at a pilot experimental site on Coconut Island, Hawaii. • A design guide for the system used for brackish water desalination was prepared based on mathematical simulation and optimization. • A pilot plant with 50 windmill units was designed and analyzed. This pilot plant can produce a freshwater of 0.20 million gallons per year per unit at a cost of $5.40 per 1,000 gallons.

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