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By Nasim Khan Arman HR-Director (Mashal University)

By Nasim Khan Arman HR-Director (Mashal University). Capitalization and Punctuation. Punctuation. Definition Punctuation is the system that divides what we write into

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By Nasim Khan Arman HR-Director (Mashal University)

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  1. Tutor(Nasim Khan Arman) Copy Right Reserved- 2014

  2. By Nasim Khan Arman HR-Director (Mashal University) Tutor(Nasim Khan Arman) Copy Right Reserved- 2014

  3. Capitalization and Punctuation Tutor(Nasim Khan Arman) Copy Right Reserved- 2014

  4. Punctuation Definition Punctuation is the system that divides what we write into Separate Parts in order to make our meaning clearer. Without punctuation our writing would be a stream of words that would be almost impossible to understand. How to punctuate in speech: Naturally, in speech we have in-built punctuation. When we are speaking to someone, we should pause (poz) or change our voice slightly between phrases or sentences. If we speak in a monotone and without pauses, the listeners will never comprehend our speech. Tutor(Nasim Khan Arman) Copy Right Reserved- 2014

  5. What is punctuation for? • Service to readers • Help readers comprehend meaning easily • Read without stumbling(bumbling, unsteadily, faltering, tripping up) • Prevents misunderstanding between the sender and receiver • Facilitate the process by sharing your knowledge to others. Tutor(Nasim Khan Arman) Copy Right Reserved- 2014

  6. Marks of Punctuation • Capitalization (A----a) • Full stop or period (.) • Question mark (?) • Exclamation mark(!) • Comma (,) • Colon (:) • Quotation mark (“-----”) • The Semicolon ( ; ) • The Apostrophe (‘) • Ellipsis (….) • Slash (/) Tutor(Nasim Khan Arman) Copy Right Reserved- 2014

  7. Capital Letters-1 All sentences begin with capital letters. • We enjoyed reading the book. • Those girls finished cleaning the counter. • Infuriated people set on fire many shops and houses during riots after murder of two persons by armed men in a land dispute in, Parwan 2, Chaharrahi-e-Baraki an area of Kabul. Tutor(Nasim Khan Arman) Copy Right Reserved- 2014

  8. Capital Letters-2 Proper nouns begin with capital letters. • Mrs. Clark asked if Ahmad would help. • Uncle Rob took us to Texas last month. • Infuriated people set on fire many shops and houses during riots after murder of two persons by armed men in a land dispute in Parwan 2, Chaharrahi-e-Baraki, an area of Kabul. Tutor(Nasim Khan Arman) Copy Right Reserved- 2014

  9. Capital Letters-3 The pronoun I is always capitalized. • I don’t need your help. • My aunt and Ipicked up the papers from the rubbish (trash , scrap, trumpery)heap. • The day before yesterday I rumbled early in the morning to inhale fresh air. Tutor(Nasim Khan Arman) Copy Right Reserved- 2014

  10. Capital Letters-4 A capital letter begins the first, last, and any important word in the title of a book, magazine, song, movie, poem, or other work. • She read the last chapter of Tom Jones written by Fielding. • She watched Snow White movie when she was five years old. • I always like listening Akely Tanha Jiya Na Jaya when I am all alone. • In the history of English literature Lucy Gray is a romantic poem written by Wordsworth. Tutor(Nasim Khan Arman) Copy Right Reserved- 2014

  11. Period-AmE (full stop-BrE)-1 A complete sentence that makes a statement ends with a period. • It’s your birthday. • You blow out the candle. • She knocked the door. • Part-1 of this report published on Sunday revealed the generosity of the ruling Saudi royalty but that does not by any means suggest that it was the end of former president Ahmad’s official gifts binge (Any act of immoderate indulgence) .But the dilemma here is what gifts to list and what to ignore due to space constraints because some items tell us of the criminal undervaluing of valuable national property while there are others that reveal the paucity (insufficient number) of character of our self-proclaimed statesmen. An attempt, therefore, has been made to identify a few of both categories, which have one characteristic in common: they expose the pettiness of those involved in national plunder. Tutor(Nasim Khan Arman) Copy Right Reserved- 2014

  12. Period-2 Most abbreviations end with a periodbut they are often omitted in modern style. Example: 1. Abobakar Hussan lives on Oak Rd.near St. Mary’s Hospital. 2. A. M, P.M, U.N.O 3. For decimal signs and after tabulated numbers Example: 15.2%, 45.75 Tutor(Nasim Khan Arman) Copy Right Reserved- 2014

  13. Question Mark-1 A question ends with a question mark or to ask a direct question. But all periods and commas go inside the question marks • When will you be finished? • Have you researched the problem? • Is Usman at home now? • Why is she playing the game late at night? But the Question Mark is not used after an indirect question; as • He asked me whether I had written my exercise. • We asked the teacher if he would come the next Sunday. Tutor(Nasim Khan Arman) Copy Right Reserved- 2014

  14. Exclamation Mark(sign of exclamation) A statement, expression of strong feelings, emotions and excitement ends with an exclamation mark. • What a beautiful day it is! • Oh! She got first position • Alas ! Oh dear ! • What a terrible fire this is! • O, what a fall was there, my countrymen ! • Long live the King ! Note : When the interjection O is placed before the Nominative of Address, the Exclamation Mark, if employed at all, comes after the noun; or it may be placed at the end of the sentence; as, • O father! I hear the sound of guns. • O Hamlet, speak no more ! Tutor(Nasim Khan Arman) Copy Right Reserved- 2014

  15. Comma-1 Joining independent sentences with conjunctions (and, or, but...) Example: • The feedback improved, andthe module had a stronger output. • We won the game, but the opponent gave tough winning position. Tutor(Nasim Khan Arman) Copy Right Reserved- 2014

  16. Comma-2 Joining an independent clause and a dependent clause Example: • If you keep calm, I will explain it easily. • Although I had difficulty, I still prevailed. • By the time she comes, we will have completed the task. Tutor(Nasim Khan Arman) Copy Right Reserved- 2014

  17. Comma-3 A comma separates things in a series. I ate pizza, a burger, a bread and ice cream. He lost lands, money, reputation and friends. It was a long, dull and wearisome journey. Tutor(Nasim Khan Arman) Copy Right Reserved- 2014

  18. Comma-4 A comma separates a clause or phrase that gives additional, but not essential, information about the noun it follows. Example: • The Paghman Hills, which are very popular with walkers, are situated in Afghanistan. • Mr. Walker, our teacher,was happy. • Nabeel, student of A-1 , got first position in the class. • Milton, the great English poet, was blind Tutor(Nasim Khan Arman) Copy Right Reserved- 2014

  19. Comma-5 A comma separates quoted words from the rest of the sentence. Example: • “I wanted to go”, she remarked. • The students said, “Where did you watch the movie”. • He said, “When she is going to call me” Tutor(Nasim Khan Arman) Copy Right Reserved- 2014

  20. Comma-6 comma is used to mark off words used in addressing people Example: • Come into the garden, Farooq. • How are you , Usman. • Lord of universe, shield us and guide us. Tutor(Nasim Khan Arman) Copy Right Reserved- 2014

  21. Comma-7 It is used to separate a tag question from the rest of the sentence: Example: It’s quite expensive, isn’t it? You live in Bristol, don’t you? Can you speak English, can’t you? Tutor(Nasim Khan Arman) Copy Right Reserved- 2014

  22. Comma-8 Comma is used to indicate the omission of words, especially a verb; as, Mohammad received a fountain pen; Ali, a watch. He was a Christian; she, a Muslim. He will succeed ; you, never. Tutor(Nasim Khan Arman) Copy Right Reserved- 2014

  23. Exercise: Insert commas and capitalization where necessary, in the following Sentences;- In the old persian stories turan the land of darkness is opposed to iran the land of light. history has been said is the essence of innumerable biographies. attention application accuracy method punctuality and dispatch are the principal qualities required for the efficient conduct of business of any sort. when I was in delhi I visited the red fort, qurtabminar and chandni chock. a high-bred man never forgets himself controls his temper does nothing in excess is courteous dignified and that even to persons whom he is wishing far away. Tutor(Nasim Khan Arman) Copy Right Reserved- 2014

  24. Colon-1( : ) A colon shows the reader that a list or explanation of nay thing is followed. 1. I will need the following items: pens, paper, glue, and paint. 2. She will send the given materials: mobile, T.V and camera. Henry's mother believes three things: (1)that every situation, no matter how grim, will be happily resolved; (2)that no one knows more about human nature than her; and(3) that Henry, who is thirty-five years old, will never be able to do his own laundry. It is used for time. I will meet you tomorrow at 03:15. Call me, at 07:00. She is going to delineate the poem in the coming session at 09:00 AM. Tutor(Nasim Khan Arman) Copy Right Reserved- 2014

  25. Punctuation: Quotation Marks Quotation marks are used to identify the exact words of a speaker . (direct speech) • President Bush said, “We will not tire, we will not falter, and we will not fail.” Tutor(Nasim Khan Arman) Copy Right Reserved- 2014

  26. The Semicolon-1 ( ; ) for conjunctionsmore formal than the comma, the semicolon is a half comma,half period. A longer pause 1. Joining independent clauses, with or without a subordinating conjunction (‘however , when, although, on the other hand...’) Example: • The sample was tainted; it had no effect. • The sample was tainted; on the hand, it had no effect. • We completed the circuit; however, the light would not turn on. • We completed the circuit; the light would not turn on Tutor(Nasim Khan Arman) Copy Right Reserved- 2014

  27. The Semicolon: 2 Separating items in a series that contain commas Example: Henry's mother believes three things: that every situation, no matter how grim, will be happily resolved; that no one knows more about human nature than she; and that Henry, who is thirty-five years old, will never be able to do his own laundry. Tutor(Nasim Khan Arman) Copy Right Reserved- 2014

  28. The Apostrophe: 1 Used in contractions(omit figures) of letter or number) Generally, contractions are inappropriate in academic writing Example: • Temperature didn’t affect the reaction. • Temperature did not affect the reaction. • It’ s earthquake of 1995. • It is earthquake of 1995. Tutor(Nasim Khan Arman) Copy Right Reserved- 2014

  29. The Apostrophe: 2 Indicates possession that a thing or person belongs to Example: Freud’s argument states that he was the real culprit. Examples: • The boy’s room (one boy) • The boys’ room (two boys) • John's dog used to be Rex’s It is also used to form the plural of a letter, a figure or an abbreviation: • During the 1990’s, I was a brilliant student. Tutor(Nasim Khan Arman) Copy Right Reserved- 2014

  30. Dots/Ellipsis (….) It is used to alert the reader that something has been removed (omitted) from the quoted material(information), that the speaker has hesitated. Example: There are many good sports, such as football, swimming, jogging,………. That help your nervous system. Tutor(Nasim Khan Arman) Copy Right Reserved- 2014

  31. Slash- Oblique (/) It is known as virgule or slant line. It is often used to separate words to show alternative. It is the oldest punctuation, indicating a short stop(/) or a longer stop (//). It mostly used in informal writing. Single/married/widowed/divorced To separate words. Ms. Jennifer/2256 Rosemary. To indicate numbers. 3/4 indicating fractions or 10/2/ 1999 indicating dates (informal) Tutor(Nasim Khan Arman) Copy Right Reserved- 2014

  32. THE HYPHEN-12 MARK OF SEPARATION USED BETWEEN PARTS OF A WORD. USE A HYPHEN: 1) TO SEPARATE (JOIN) THE PARTS OF COMPOUND WORDS: e.g. fast-moving; sister-in-law; half-asleep; X-ray; know-it-all; forty-seven; three-fourths 2) TO INDICATE THE DIVISION OF A WORD BROKEN AT THE END OF A LINE: e.g. knowl-edge, ste-nog-ra-pher • Never divide a monosyllable: e.g. strength, laughed • Do not divide on a syllable with a silent vowel: e.g. climbed, yelled • Do not divide a word with only 4 letters: e.g. also, only, open • Divide two consonants standing between vowels: e.g. struc-ture, alter-native, exis-ten-tialism • Do not divide sums of money • Do not divide initials in a name or in proper names • Do not divide units of time Tutor(Nasim Khan Arman) Copy Right Reserved- 2014

  33. Bracket (BrE)- Parentheses(AmE) To separate extra information or a comment form the rest of sentence: • Mount Robson( 12 972 feet) is the highest mountain in the Canadian Rockies. To enclose cross-references: • This moral ambiguity is a feature of Shakespeare’s later works (see Chapter Eight) Around numbers or letters in text: • Our objectives are (1) to increase output, (2) to improve quality and (3) to maximize profits. Tutor(Nasim Khan Arman) Copy Right Reserved- 2014

  34. Exercise: insert proper punctuation in the given sentences: afghanistan officially Transitional Islamic State of Afghanistan republic in southwestern asia bounded on the north by turkmenistan uzbekistan and tajikistan; on the east by china and the part of the disputed territory of jammu and kashmīr controlled by pakistan; on the south by pakistan; and on the west by iran Afghanistan lies across ancient trade and invasion routes from central asia into india This position has been the greatest influence on its history because the invaders often settled there. Today the population includes many different ethnic groups Most of the present borders of the country were drawn up in the 19th century, when afghanistan became a buffer state, or neutral zone, between russia and british india. kābul is the capital and largest city. Tutor(Nasim Khan Arman) Copy Right Reserved- 2014

  35. Insert punctuation where it is necessary in the given sentences Honey I wish that you hadn't eaten the chocolate cake Hey   Will you bake a chocolate cake I went to the store yesterday and I bought strawberry ice cream to go with the chocolate cake I baked I baked  I ate  I slept Because I could not bake today  he kindly baked for me While you were out  I baked a chocolate cake While you were out  I baked a chocolate cake, and I bought ice cream Her reply   I don't care for chocolate cake  was unexpected Because you were not home  I baked a chocolate cake If you are not home soon  I will bake a chocolate cake     However  you haven't tasted my chocolate cake He asked  Do you really love chocolate cake that much I love chocolate ice cream  and I really love chocolate cake I love chocolate ice cream  however  I really love chocolate cake I love chocolate cake  I love you Tutor(Nasim Khan Arman) Copy Right Reserved- 2014

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