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Resistance to the Holocaust

Resistance to the Holocaust. Belfer Presentation Robert Hadley Mandel 2001-2002. Define Resistance. What does this term mean? Physical Spiritual Cultural Emotional. Physical. Underground Youth Movements Partisans Camp Revolts. Underground Youth Movements.

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Resistance to the Holocaust

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  1. Resistance to the Holocaust Belfer Presentation Robert Hadley Mandel 2001-2002

  2. Define Resistance • What does this term mean? • Physical • Spiritual • Cultural • Emotional

  3. Physical • Underground Youth Movements • Partisans • Camp Revolts

  4. Underground Youth Movements • Hashomer and HeChalutz (Zionist) • Akiva (Zionist) • Dror (Zionist) • Bund • Betar • Communists

  5. Partisan Movements • Abbe Kovner, Vilna Ghetto • Bielski Partisans, Belorussia • Joining Polish and/or Russian Partisan Movement

  6. Camp Revolts • Sobibor • Treblinka • Auschwitz

  7. Map of Revolts

  8. Role of Women in the Resistance • Intelligence and Reconnaissance • Couriers • Fighters • Educators

  9. Spiritual • Maintaining ones Faith in God • Strength of Human Dignity • Observing Jewish Traditions • Kiddush ha-Shem ("Sanctification of God's Name")

  10. Prayers and Religious observation • Minyanim (10 or more gathered to pray) • Religious Holidays • Fasting and remaining Kosher in face of starvation

  11. Emotional • Staying alive! • Helping others stay alive • Not allowing ones spirit to be defeated • Resource : If you Cried, You died

  12. Cultural • Art and Music • Terezin Requime • Schools • Community based programs • Self Help • Plays • Lectures

  13. Art in the Camps • How is Art resistance? • What record do we have of the Holocaust as a result of Artists? • Urge to create in the midst of death

  14. Cultural Events • Cultural events took place in the camps and ghettos • Impact and power of such events as Resistance?

  15. Music in the Camps • Archive of music program from Terezin • Importance music played in camp life?

  16. Schools in the Ghettos • Primary purpose to nourish the body and the soul (see the bread on napkins) • Aliya: Religious boarding schools • Most Schools were clandestine • Orphanages: Dr Janusz Korczak

  17. Movies/Videos • Escape From Sobibor (1989) Showtime • The Grey Zone (2002) • Out of the Ashes (2003) Showtime • Uprising (2001) NBC

  18. Books • Defiance: The Beilski PartisansbyNechama Tec • They Fought BackbyYuri Suhl • The Avengersby Rich Cohen • The Bravest Battleby Dan Kurzman • Resistanceby Israel Gutman • Justyna’s Narrativeby Gusta Draenger • Kazik: Memoirs of a Warsaw Ghetto Fighterby Simha Rotem • Unbrokenby Len Crome • Against All Hopeby Hermann Langein • Fighting Backby Harold Werner

  19. Great Web Sites! • The Ghetto Fighter’s House: Museum of the Holocaust and Resistance.http://www.gfh.org.ilIsraeli museum with searchable archives. Many articles and pictures online. • Jews for the Preservation of Firearms Ownership. - www.jpfo.comUses the history of genocide and resistance to it to argue for the right to bear arms. • Museum of the Slovak National Uprising.http://www.muzeumsnp.skMuseum in Slovakia dedicated to their 1944 armed uprising against the Germans, one result of which was the Jewish Novaky brigade.Anniversary of the said Uprising - http://www.55snp.sk/en • Simon Wiesenthal Center - http://www.wiesenthal.comHas material on the Warsaw Ghetto uprising as well as general Holocaust information • http://www.yad-vashem.org.il/ Incredible archives of the Holocaust including Resistance

  20. Online lessons • http://connections.smsd.org/veterans/holocaust_resistance_movement.htm (Great list of FAQ’s with websites) • http://www.ushmm.org/education/foreducators/guidelines/ (scroll down to Sample lessons, do the one on Resistance, powerful tool with students!) • http://fcit.coedu.usf.edu/holocaust/timeline/RESIST2.htm (Excellent resource on Resistance for educators) • http://edsitement.neh.gov/view_lesson_plan.asp?ID=275 (Great comprehensive Lesson when pressed for time in a unit)

  21. More Online Lessons • http://fcit.coedu.usf.edu/holocaust/timeline/RESIST/WARSAW.HTM (Great way to connect with the Ringleblum play) • http://fcit.coedu.usf.edu/holocaust/timeline/RESIST/resistan.HTM (I have used Courage to care in the classroom…Great video…and great way to close a unit on the Holocaust. Bring Hope back to your students…like I said..bring them out of the darkness)

  22. Even more lessons! • http://www.holocaust-trc.org/lesson.htm (many lesson plans and activities around Resistance and resistance movements, all vetted by Mark Nataupsky, an excellent educator from Virginia!) • http://www.holocaust-trc.org/Warsawhs.pdf (excellent Resistance Unit created by Sol Factor, a Mandel fellow from Ohio. You don’t have to use the entire unit…the lessons can be extracted separately)

  23. Totten Series • Teaching and Studying about the Holocaust • Holocaust Education • Holocaust Literature

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