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ABCDE Protocol

ABCDE Protocol. ICU Delirium and Cognitive Impairment Study Group www.icudelirium.org delirium@vanderbilt.edu. Why the ABCDE Protocol?. Need for Sedation and Analgesia. Prevent pain and anxiety Decrease oxygen consumption Decrease the stress response Patient-ventilator synchrony

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ABCDE Protocol

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  1. ABCDE Protocol ICU Delirium and Cognitive Impairment Study Group www.icudelirium.org delirium@vanderbilt.edu

  2. Why the ABCDE Protocol?

  3. Need for Sedation and Analgesia Prevent pain and anxiety Decrease oxygen consumption Decrease the stress response Patient-ventilator synchrony Avoid adverse neurocognitivesequelae • Depression, PTSD Rotondi AJ, et al. Crit Care Med. 2002;30:746-752. Weinert C. Curr Opin in Crit Care. 2005;11:376-380. Kress JP, et al. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1996;153:1012-1018.

  4. Potential Drawbacks of Sedative and Analgesic Therapy Oversedation: Failure to initiate spontaneous breathing trials (SBT) leads to increased duration of mechanical ventilation (MV) Longer duration of ICU stay Impede assessment of neurologic function Increase risk for delirium Numerous agent-specific adverse events Kollef MH, et al. Chest. 1998;114:541-548. Pandharipande PP, et al. Anesthesiology. 2006;104:21-26.

  5. Patient with Sepsis Mechanical Ventilation Sedation Weakness Delirium Cognitive and Functional Impairment, Institutionalization, Mortality Vasilevskis et al Chest 2010; 138;1224-1233

  6. We Need Coordinated Care • Many tasks and demands on critical care staff • Great need to align and supporting the people, processes, and technology already existing in ICUs • ABCDE protocol is multiple components, interdependent, and designed to: • Improve collaboration among clinical team members • Standardize care processes • Break the cycle of oversedation and prolonged ventilation Vasilevskis et al Chest 2010; 138;1224-1233

  7. What is the MIND-USAABCDE Protocol? Awakening and Breathing Coordination Delirium Identification and Management Early Exercise and Mobility ABC D E

  8. ABC Awakening and Breathing Coordination

  9. ICU Sedation: It’s a Balancing Act Over sedation Patient Comfort and Ventilatory Optimization

  10. Consequences of Suboptimal Sedation Inadequate sedation/analgesia Excessive sedation Prolonged mechanical ventilation, ICU LOS Tracheostomy DVT, VAP Additional testing Added cost Inability to communicate Cannot evaluate for delirium • Anxiety • Pain • Patient-ventilator dyssynchrony • Agitation • Self-removal of tubes/catheters • Care provider assault • Myocardial ischemia • Family dissatisfaction

  11. Structured Approaches to Sedation & Analgesia in the ICU • Multidisciplinary development, implementation • Establish goals/targets, frequently re-evaluate • Measure key components using validated scales • Select medications based on characteristics, evidence • Incorporate key patient considerations • Prevent oversedation, yet control pain and agitation • Promote multidisciplinary acceptance and integration into routine care Sessler & Pedram. Crit Care Clinics 2009; 25:489-513

  12. Validated ICU Sedation Scales • Richmond agitation-sedation scale (RASS) • Sedation agitation scale (SAS) • Ramsay sedation scale • Motor activity assessment scale (MAAS) • Vancouver interactive and calmness scale (VICS) • Adaptation to intensive care environment (ATICE) • Minnesota sedation assessment tool (MSAT)

  13. Setting Targets Provide for agitation/anxiety free, amnesia, comfort • Trying to achieve a balance • TIGHT TITRATION Adjust target depending on current need • Per patient • Different over the course of Illness/Treatment

  14. Use Protocols to Achieve Goals, Minimize Drug Accumulation, Maximize Alertness • Patient-focused drug selection • Preference for analgesia > sedation • Intermittent therapy via boluses • Frequent evaluation of sedation, pain, ICU therapy tolerance • Titrate therapy for lowest effective dose • Daily interruption of sedation

  15. RCT: 2x2 factorial design • Midazolam vs propofol • Daily interruption of sedation vs routine • Discontinue all sedative and analgesic medications • Monitor patient closely until awake or agitated, i.e., can perform at least 3 of 4 on command: • Open eyes • Squeeze hand • Lift head • Stick out tongue • Restart medications at half dosage (if necessary) Kress et al. N Engl J Med 2000; 342:1471-7

  16. Daily Awakening TrialResults • Shorter duration of mechanical ventilation • Shorter ICU LOS • Fewer tests for altered mental status Kress et al. N Engl J Med 2000; 342:1471-7

  17. Why Is Interruption of Sedation Effective? • Less accumulation of sedative drug and metabolites • Significantly less midazolam and morphine with DIS in midazolam subgroup • But… no difference in amount of propofol and morphine with DIS in propofol subgroup • Opportunity for more effective weaning from mechanical ventilation? Wake Up and Breathe • Sessler CN. Crit Care Med 2004 • Kress et al. NEJM. 2000

  18. Multicenter RCT: • 168 patients with “spontaneous awakening trial” (SAT) • i.e., daily interruption of sedation (SAT) + spontaneous breathing trial (SBT) • 168 patients with standard sedation + SBT

  19. Intervention (SAT) group = Less benzodiazepine “SAT + SBT” Was Superior to Conventional Sedation + SBT Extubated faster Discharged from ICU sooner P = 0.01 P = 0.02 Girard et al. Lancet 2008; 371:126-34

  20. Intervention (SAT) group = More unplanned extubation, but not more reintubation “SAT + SBT” Was Superior to Conventional Sedation + SBT Discharged from hospital sooner Better survival at 1 yr P = 0.04 P = 0.01 P = 0.01 Alive P = 0.02 Girard et al. Lancet 2008; 371:126-34

  21. Awakening &BreathingCoordination • Synergy of daily awakening – via interruption of sedation – plus spontaneous breathing trial • Less medication accumulation, less excessive sedation • Opportunity for more effective independent breathing (SBT) • Perform safety screens for SAT and for SBT

  22. ABCSafety Screens Wake Up Safety Screen • No active seizures • No active alcohol withdrawal • No active agitation • No active paralytic use • No myocardial ischemia (24h) • Normal intracranial pressure Breathe Safety Screen • No active agitation • Oxygen saturation >88% • FiO2< 50% • PEEP < 7.5 cm H2O • No active myocardial ischemia (24h) • No significant vasopressor use • Girard et al. Lancet 2008; 371:126-34. • Kress et al. Crit Care Med 2004; 32(6):1272-6 • Ely et al. NEJM 1996; 335:184-9

  23. ABCAwakening & Breathing Coordination Eligibility = On the ventilator • SAT Safety Screen - pass/fail • If pass safety screen, perform SAT If fail; restart sedatives if necessary (1/2 dose) If pass; continue to SBT safety screen • SBT Safety Screen - pass/fail • If pass safety screen, perform SBT If fail; return to previous ventilatorysupport If pass; consider extubation

  24. D Delirium Monitoring and Management

  25. Delirium: Key Features Disturbance of consciousnesswith reduced ability to focus, sustain or shift attention A change in cognitionor the development of a perceptual disturbance that is not better accounted for by pre-existing, established or evolving dementia Develops over a short period of time and tends to fluctuate over the course of the day There is evidencefrom the H&P and/or labs that the disturbance is caused by a medical condition, substance intoxication or medication side effect

  26. Delirium Subtypes Hyperactive Delirium Combative Agitated Restless Mixed Delirium Alert & Calm Lethargic Sedated Stupor Hypoactive Delirium

  27. ICU Delirium • Increased ICU length of stay (8 vs 5 days) • Increased hospital length of stay (21 vs 11 days) • Increased time on ventilator (9 vs 4 days) • Higher ICU costs ($22,000 vs $13,000) • Higher ICU mortality (19.7% vs 10.3%) • Higher hospital mortality (26.7% vs 21.4%) • 3-fold increased risk of death at 6 months Ely, et al. ICM2001; 27, 1892-1900 Ely, et al, JAMA 2004; 291: 1753-1762 Lin, SM CCM 2004; 32: 2254-2259 Milbrandt E, et al, Crit Care Med 2004; 32:955-962. Ouimet, et al, ICM 2007: 33: 66-73.

  28. Confusion Assessment Method for the ICU (CAM-ICU) Feature 1: Acute change or fluctuating course of mental status And Feature 2: Inattention And Feature 3: Altered level of consciousness Feature 4: Disorganized thinking Or Inouye, et. al. Ann Intern Med 1990; 113:941-948.1 Ely, et. al. CCM 2001; 29:1370-1379.4 Ely, et. al. JAMA 2001; 286:2703-2710.5

  29. Delirium Management 1. Identify etiology 2. Identify risk factors 3. Consider pharmacologic treatment Jacobi J, et al. Crit Care Med 2002;30:119-141

  30. Stop and THINK • Toxic Situations • CHF, shock, dehydration • New organ failure (liver/kidney) • Hypoxemia • Infection/sepsis (nosocomial), Immobilization • Nonpharmacologic interventions • Hearing aids, glasses, reorient, sleep protocols, music, noise control, ambulation • K+ or electrolyte problems Consider antipsychotics after evaluating etiology & risk factors Do any meds need to be stoppedor lowered? • Especially consider sedatives • Is patient on minimal amount necessary? • Daily sedation cessation • Targeted sedation plan • Assess target daily • Do sedatives need to be changed? • Remember to assess for pain!

  31. Delirium Nonpharmacologic Interventions Eligibility = RASS ≥ -3 +4 COMBATIVE Combative, violent, immediate danger to staff +3 VERY AGITATED Pulls to remove tubes or catheters; aggressive +2 AGITATED Frequent non-purposeful movement, fights ventilator +1 RESTLESS Anxious, apprehensive, movements not aggressive 0 ALERT & CALM Spontaneously pays attention to caregiver -1 DROWSY Not fully alert, but has sustained awakening to voice (eye opening & contact >10 sec) -2 LIGHT SEDATION Briefly awakens to voice (eyes open & contact <10 sec) -3 MODERATE SEDATION Movement or eye opening to voice (no eye contact) -4 DEEP SEDATION No response to voice, but movement or eye opening to physical stimulation -5UNAROUSEABLE No response to voice or physical stimulation

  32. Delirium Nonpharmacologic Interventions Pain: Monitor and manage pain using an objective scale (e.g., FACES, BPS, VAS, CPOT, etc.) Orientation: Convey the day, date, place, and reason for hospitalization Update the whiteboards with caregiver names Request placement of a clock and calendar in room Discuss current events

  33. NonpharmacologicInterventions Sensory: Determine need for hearing aids and/or eye glasses If needed, request surrogate provide these for patient when appropriate Sleep: Noise reduction strategies (e.g. minimize noise outside the room, offer white noise or earplugs) Normal day-night variation in illumination Use “time out” strategy to minimize interruptions in sleep Maintain ventilator synchrony Promote comfort and relaxation (e.g., back care, oral care, washing face/hands, and daytime bath, massage)

  34. E Early Exercise and Mobility

  35. Early Exercise in the ICU • Early exercise = progressive mobility • Study design: paired SAT/SBT protocol with PT/OT from earliest days of mechanical ventilation Wake Up, Breathe, and Move Schweickert WD, et al. Lancet. 2009;373:1874-1882.

  36. Early Exercise Study Results Schweickert WD, et al. Lancet. 2009;373:1874-1882.

  37. Early Exercise and Mobility Eligibility = All patients are eligible for Early Exercise and Mobility

  38. Perform Safety Screen First Safety Screen • Patient responds to verbal stimulation (i.e., RASS > -3) • FIO2 <0.6 • PEEP <10 cmH2O • No  dose of any vasopressor infusion for at least 2 hours • No evidence of active myocardial ischemia (24 hrs) • No arrhythmia requiring the administration of new antiarrhythmic agent (24hrs) If patient passes Exercise/Mobility Safety Screen, move on to Exercise and Mobility Therapy If patient fails, s/he is too critically ill to tolerate exercise/mobility

  39. Early Exercise & Mobility Levels of Therapy* • Active range of motion in bed and sitting position in bed • Dangling • Transfer to chair (active), includes standing without marching in place • Ambulation (marching in place, walking in room or hall) *All may be done with assistance.

  40. Early Exercise and Mobility Protocol Progression RASS -5 / -4 RASS ≥ -3 Active ROM (in bed) No Exercises, but Passive Range of Motion allowed Sit/ Dangle Exercise screen Progress as tolerated ICU Discharge Transfer March/ Walk

  41. Benefits of ABCDE Protocol Morandi A et al. Curr Opin Crit Care,2011;17:43-9

  42. Questions? www.ICUdelirium.org delirium@vanderbilt.edu

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