CHEMICAL ADDITIVES AND SURFACTANTS ON KRAFT PULPING OF E. CAMALDULENSIS

1. CHEMICAL ADDITIVES AND SURFACTANTS ON KRAFT PULPING OF E. CAMALDULENSIS Student : Md.Jabed Hasan Committee : Dr. Esa Viljakainen (Chairperson) Dr. Mousa M. Nazhad Prof. Seyed Ahmad Mirshokraie Dr. Esa Lehtinen May, 2009

2. CONTENTS • Introduction • Literature review • Experimental • Results and discussions • Conclusion • Positive outcome of the thesis • Recommendations

3. Introduction Now pulp and paper industries have two major problems 1.Environmental problem 2.Economic problem • To reduce deforestation • To protect environment • To reduce cost • To make the process more environment friendly

4. Introduction The wood costs, almost 50% of the production costs for a pulpmill. • The average global conifer wood price reached a new all-time-high of • US$112.53/odmt (oven-dry metric ton) in the 2Q/08. • This was up 11% from 2007 and 26% higher than two years ago. Source:according to the [2Q 2008 ] market report Wood Resource Quarterly (WRQ).

5. Introduction The average non-conifer wood fiber costs were reaching a record-high of US$108.77/odmt in the 2Q, • which was up 16% from a year ago and 23% higher than in 2006. • Some of the largest increases have occurred in Brazil where costs for pulpwood traded in the open market have increased over 300 % in five years in US dollar terms, and more than 200 % as measured in the Brazilian Reais. Source:according to the [2Q 2008 ] market report Wood Resource Quarterly (WRQ).

6. Introduction Environmental regulations in different countries have been set a limit of the amount of effluent (its components) discharges.

7. Pulp mill effluent Source:http://www.ecofootage.com/06-08.html

8. River pollution by effluent Source:http://www.ecofootage.com/06-08.html

9. River pollution by effluent Source:http://www.ecofootage.com/06-08.html

10. Pulp mills release toxins such as dioxin and furan and other organochlorines in their effluent Source:http://ian.umces.edu/imagelibrary/displayimage-1083.html

11. Picture of Boreal forest • Source:Save Our Boreal Forests, the Mystery and the Heritage, Wilderness Committee Educational Report, Vol.11 - No.07, Fall 1992

12. Objectives of the study • Science, there is no superior pulping procedure than kraft process, We have to improve the process • either by process modification like MCC, EMCC, RDH. • or by adding some chemicals to improve yield and delignification.

13. Introduction • Process modification requires major capital investment and increase recovery boiler load. • Digester additives are less costly alternatives for decreasing kappa number and improving yield. • Digester modifications and pulping additives do not work antagonistically but are complementary

14. Objectives of the study Table: Chemical Composition of E. urophylla and E. camaldulensis. ●In Thailand, 5-year-old E. camaldulensis gave 72% holocellulose, 29% lignin, 12% pentosan and 8% extractives. ● Cooking yield of E. camaldulensis is around 47%. Source: Science Report of Research Institute of Pulp and Paper Industry of Vietnam, Special Issue. November 1991. Source:Pattanopast, S. Effect of sulfidity on chemical properties of sulfate pulp from the river red gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh.), Master Thesis, Kasetsart University, Thailand, p 211. (1995).

15. Objectives of the study • Many researches have done in Europe, North and South America with different additives for their local softwood and hardwood kraft cooking • Very few researches have done in Southeast Asian hardwoods like Eucalyptus. • We wanted compare the effectiveness of different additives with traditional kraft process in local wood.

16. Scope of study ● To find out the effect of additives in kraft pulping of Eucalyptus camaldulensis. ● To find out the effect of solvent in kraft pulping of Eucalyptus camaldulensis. ● To find out the combine and synergistic effect of additives and solvent in kraft pulping of Eucalyptus camaldulensis. ● To find out the yield and quality of pulps from different additives charges

17. Literature review • Inhibiting the "peeling reaction" • Oxidizing agent, converts the reducing (reactive) end group of the carbohydrates to an alkali-stable aldonic acid. • reducing agent, converts the carbonyl group in the reducing end units of carbohydrate chains to hydroxyl groups.

18. Literature review • The phenyl propane units of lignin are joined through carbon-carbon and carbon-oxygen bonds in a random sequence. • During pulping, most of the carbon-carbon linkages are stable, while carbon-oxygen bonds are cleaved to varying extents.

19. Literature review A proposed mechanism illustrating the function of anthraquinone as a redox catalyst. Source:Fleming, B.I., Kubes, G.J., Macleod, J.M., and Bolker, H.I., "Soda pulping With Anthraquinone: A Mechanism", Tappi 61(6): 43-46, (1978).

20. Literature review • Source:Y. Copur, A. Tozluoglu, A comparison of kraft, PS, kraft-AQ and kraft-NaBH4 pulps of Brutia pine, Bioresource Technology 99 (2008) 909–913.

21. Literature review Source:Minja, R. J. A., Moe, S. T., Christensen, P. K. (1996): "Extended delignification of kraft pulping by anthraquinone, methanol and black liquor", 1996 Pulping conference Vol. 1, p. 319 – 324.

22. Literature review Source:Nam–Seok C., Yuji M., Et al. (2008). Effect of urea addition on Soda pulping of Oak wood. J. Fac. Agr.,Kyushu Univ., 53 (1), 1–5.

23. Literature review Source:Nam–Seok C., Yuji M., Et al. (2008). Effect of urea addition on Soda pulping of Oak wood. J. Fac. Agr.,Kyushu Univ., 53 (1), 1–5.

24. Experimental • Chemicals as additives • Anthraquinone • Urea • Phosphonates (1-Hydroxyethylene-1,1-di-phosphonic acid) • Methanol

25. Experimental Cook: To find out the most effective charge of additive Cook-3: To find out the most effective charge of Additive and surfactant Reference Reference Additive AQ Charge 0.04% AQ, charge 0.04% + MeOH, Charge 10% Additive AQ Charge 0.06% AQ, charge 0.06% + MeOH, Charge 10% Optimum charge of AQ + MeOH Most effective charge Additive AQ Charge 0.08% AQ, charge 0.08% + MeOH, Charge 10% Additive AQ Charge 0.10% AQ, charge 0.10% + MeOH, Charge 10% Additive AQ Charge 0.12% AQ, charge 0.12% + MeOH, Charge 10%

26. Results and Yield Yield of different cooks

27. Results and Yields Yield of different cooks

28. Results and Cooking Kappa no. • Kappa of different cooking

29. Results and Cooking Kappa No. • Kappa of different cooking

30. Results and Pulp strength properties • Tensile index of different cooking

31. Results and Pulp strength properties • Tensile index of different cooking

32. CONCLUSIONS • Major results are found • High pulp yield in cooking • Both high and low cooking kappa number • Higher strength pulp than reference pulp

33. Conclusions • AQ reduced the kappa 14.6 %. • Urea increases both yield and Kappa. Yield and Kappa increased 9.5 % and 83.4 % respectively. • Tensile index of this pulp was about 47 % higher than reference pulp.

34. Conclusions • Combined effect of additive and surfactant does not change the result significantly. • Synergetic effect of AQ and urea gives 9.4 % higher yield and 8 % higher Kappa than the reference cooking.

35. Positive outcome from thesis • AQ reduced the kappa 14.6 %. • Urea increased yield 9.5 % and kappa 83.4 % • Urea increased tensile index near about 50 % • AQ + Urea increased yield 9.4 % and kappa 8 %

36. RECOMMENDATIONS • The future research should be extended to 1. Different alkali charges 2. Lower sulphidity 3. H- factors 4. Liquor ratios 5. Bleaching 6. New practical applications 7. Tests run in industrial scale

37. Thank You !