Modal Verbs

1. Modal Verbs Part I Chapter 9

2. Modals • Can • Could • Had better • May • Might • Must • Ought to • Shall • Should • Will • Would • Be able to • I can go to the meeting tomorrow. • Should I take the TOEFL test with you? • Would you mind helpingme carry this? • Chart 9-1 (p.157)

3. 9-1 Modals Intro • You have to apply for an F-1 visa. • Why did I use have to ? • To tell you that it’s necessary to do this. • You should save your money. • You should sleep earlier. • You should exercise at least three times a week. • Why did I use should ? • To give you some advice.

4. 9-1 Modals Intro • I might go to Disneyland this weekend. • Why did I use might ? • To express a possibility. • Teacher, I am sick today. May I turn in my essay tomorrow? Yes, you may. • Why is may used? • To ask for and give permission. • Necessity, Advice, Permission, Possibility = Attitudes • In English, we use modals to express our attitude.

5. 9-1 Modals Intro • Modals do not take –s • She cans do it.  She can do it. • Form: modal+ base form of verb • She might come with us. • She might camewith us. • She might comingwith us. • Negative: She might not come with us. • Question:Might she come with us? • Modals can be 1 word or phrases (group of words): • I should call my mother. • I am able todo it. • You are supposed to do it. • They shouldn’thave towork on the weekends.

6. Modals Intro • She can saw it. see • She should to do it. to 3. She cans do it. can 4. Do you can see it?  Can you see it? 5. They don’t can go there. don’t can’t

7. Making Polite Requests “I” as subject “You” as subject May I borrow your pen? May we visit you today? Could I use your eraser? Can I see your book? Would you mind if I openedthe window? Would you lend me your pen? Could you please pass me the paper? Will you share your book with me? Wrong: May you…? Would you mind openingthe window?

8. Answering “I” as subject “You” as subject Would you lend me your pen? I’d be happy to. Could you pass me your eraser? You bet. (informal) Will you share your book with me? Absolutely. Would you mind opening the window? No, I’d be happy to. Not at all. I’d be glad to. No problem. (informal) • May I borrow your pen? Of course. • Could I use your eraser? Yes, certainly. • Can I see your book? Sure. • Would you mind if I opened the window? No, not at all. Of course not. No that would be fine.

9. Lend vs. Borrow • Can youlendmeyour pen? • Can youlendmesome money? • FORM: you + lend + me + obj (owner) • May I borrowyour pen? • Can I borrowsome money? • FORM: I + borrow + obj (borrower)

10. Practice • May you lend me $1 please? • May I borrow $1 please? 2. Do you can pass me the paper? • Do you Can youpass me the paper? 3. Would you mind share your book with me? • Would you mind sharing your book with me? 4. Could you borrow me your eraser • Could you borrowlend me your eraser? 5. Would you mind repeat the answer? • Would you mind repeating the answer?

11. Practice Make polite requests using a question: • I need a pencil. • I need a paper. • I didn’t understand. Repeat that. • I have a question. Help me. • It’s stuffy in here. Open the door. • It’s dark in here. Open the blinds. • We’re tired. We want to leave class early. • I forgot my book. Share with me.

12. 9-5 Necessity Necessity = there is no other choice; it is required • Must (strongest, formal) • All applicants must submit a resume. Incorrect: must to • Have to (“hafta”) I have to be home by eight. • Have got to (informal, “have gotta”) I’ve got to go now. See you later.

13. Ask your partner these questions. • What are some things you have to do for your parents? • I have to ____________________ . 2. What have you got to do this week? 3. What are some things you must have in order to be happy? 4. What must students do in order to succeed in learning English?

14. 9-6 Not Necessary • do not have to Tomorrow is a holiday. We don’t have to go to class. I can hear you. You don’t have to shout. I finished all my homework! I don’t have to study tonight!

15. 9-6 Prohibition Must not = prohibition (do not do this!) • You must not tell anyone my secret. Promise? • A teacher must not have favorites. • You must not cheat! • You must not be disrespectful to your classmates and teacher.

16. Complete ex. 15, p. 165 2. must not 3. don’t have to 4. doesn’t have to 5. must not 6. don’t have to 7. don’t have to 8. doesn’t have

17. Homework • Exercises 5, 6, 9 - Polite Requests • P.160-163 • Exercises 16, 17 - Necessity • P. 166

18. Exercises 16 & 17 • Ex.16 An effective leader of a country… 2. Ex.17 New students must…

19. Should = this is a good idea (advice) Shouldn’t = this is not a good idea Ought to = this is a very important responsibility or thing to do (your duty) Had better (strongest, spoken) = a warning with possible bad consequences Had better not 9-7 Giving Advice

20. 9-7 Giving Advice Example Sentences • Should = this is a good idea • You should sleep earlier. • Shouldn’t = this is not a good idea • You shouldn’t stay out so late. • Ought to = responsibility, duty • Drivers ought to obey the speed limit. • I ought to study tonight, but I think I’ll watch TV instead.

21. 9-7 Giving AdviceExample Sentences • Had better (strongest, spoken) = a warning with possible bad consequences • The gas tank is almost empty. We had better stop at the next gas station. • You had better take care of the problem before it gets worse. • Had better not • You’d better not forget mom’s birthday or else she’ll be upset!

22. Practice • Give advice to these people. My computer keeps freezing! My friend won’t respond to my texts and I’m worried. I’m suffering from a broken heart. I have too much work to do and not enough time. My kids won’t stop fighting with each other. LEWIS JOHN SALLY BOB CLAIRE

23. Book Exercises • Complete Ex. 19 and 20 • (p. 167-168) • Exercise 21

24. Which sentence is stronger? 1. a. You should go to a doctor. b. You’d better go to a doctor. 2. a. Mary should go to work today. b. Mary must go to work today. 3. a. We’ve got to go to class. b. We ought to go to class. 4. a. I have to go to the post office. b. I should go to the post office. 5. a. We shouldn’t go into that room. b. We must not go into that room. 6. a. You’d better not go there alone. b. You shouldn’t go there alone.

25. What’s the best response? • A) We’ve got to go to class! • B) Mmm…we ought to go to class. We haven’t missed too many classes yet – only 5 hours. I’m kind of tired today. What do you think about skipping class today?

26. What’s the best response? We have a test tomorrow and we have both missed many classes this quarter already. • A) We’ve got to go to class! • B) Mmm…we ought to go to class.

27. What’s the best response? I have to get this check in the mail immediately. It needs to get there by tomorrow. • A) I should go to the post office. • B) I have to go to the post office.

28. What’s the best response? The sign on the door says: “Dangerous! Do Not Enter!” • A) We shouldn’t go into that room. • B) We mustn’t go into that room.

29.  Mistakes & Regrets • I should have told my grandmother I loved her before she passed away last year. • I shouldn’t have cheated on my test.  • I should have married her when I had the chance.

30. 9-8 Regrets: I should have… • Form:should + have + past participle • Time: Past • Use: to talk about something that was a good idea but did not happen • Pronunciation: “should-a” • I failed my test. I should have studied harder. • You should have called us to tell us you’d be late. We were so worried!

31. 9-8 Mistakes: I shouldn’t have… • Form:shouldn’t+ have + past participle • Time: Past • Use: to talk about a mistake you made • Pronunciation: “shouldn-uv” • My back hurts. I shouldn’thave carried those boxes. • I hated the movie. It shouldn’thave wasted my time and money on it.

32. Do Exercise 28, p.171

33. Bruno Mars’ Mistakes and Regrets Bruno Mars and Chanel were a couple, but they broke up. Bruno Mars has many regrets. Listen to his song, “When I Was Your Man.”

34. When I was your man… • What should Bruno have done differently? Bruno should have paid more attention to her. He should’ve bought her flowers. He should’ve held her hand. He should’ve spent more time with her. He should’ve taken her to parties. 2. Whatshouldn’t Bruno have done? Bruno shouldn’t have ignoredher, but he did.

35. Homework • Do Exercise 29, p.172

36. Modals: Let’s review! • Polite Requests May I….? Would you mind…? • Necessary, Not necessary, prohibition You have to... You don’t have to… You must not… • Advice You should… You ought to… You had better… • Regrets  I should have… I shouldn’t have…

37. “supposed to” • Parents are supposed to love their children.  It is their obligation/duty.  Similar to advice “ought to” (=duty) • What are you supposed to do if you get into a car accident?  What are the expected actions?

38. 9-9 [Be]Supposed To • Be supposed to expresses an expectation • What other people expect of you The game is supposed to begin in five minutes. We are supposed to go to the meeting. Our teacher told us to go. The children are supposed to put away their toys before they go to bed.

39. Practice 1 • “These people are supposed to… Who am I?” • Example: “These people are supposed to stop you if you are driving too fast. Who am I?” POLICEMAN!

40. Practice 2: Jobs • Write sentences about your job. • Use at least 6 different modals: Example: Teacher  A teacher should be very patient. should has to isn’t supposed to is supposed to has got to had better not ought to must does not have to had better shouldn’t must not

41. was/were + supposed to Use: was/were supposed to (past tense) to express an unfulfilled expectation something you expected to happen BUT it didn’t happen. Jack was supposed to call me last night. I wonder why he didn’t. The students were supposed to turn in their essays today, but many of them didn’t.

42. We were supposed to take the test yesterday. (Did we?) • I was supposed togo to Vegas last weekend. (Did I go?) • She was supposed to meet me. (Did she?)

43. Practice • __(Classmate’s name)__was supposed to_____________ last night, but he/she didn’t because he/she __________________. 2. __(Classmate’s name) and I_ were supposed to__________________, but we didn’t because we _______________.

44. Be going to • Present: • I am going to buy you a car. • I will do it. • Past: • I was going to buy you a car…but I ran out of money. • I will not do it.

45. 9-10 Was/Were Going To • Use: was / were going to talks about something you wanted to do, but it didn’t happen. • It’s very similar to: was/were supposed to • I was going to bring your book, but I totally forgot! I’m sorry. • We were going to go with you to the movies last night, but we had too much work to do. • She was going to come to my graduation, but she had to work. • We use this form to make EXCUSES.

46. I was going to…but I didn’t. Other phrases you can use (p.176) I was planning to do it, but I didn’t. I was hoping togo, but I couldn’t. I was intending to go, but I didn’t. I was thinking about going, but I didn’t.

47. Practice Finish the sentence. • I was going to get up early this morning, but… 2. I had intended to meet you at the restaurant, but… 3. I was planning to visit you this weekend, but…

48. 4. I was going to call you on your birthday, but… 5. I was going to do my homework, but… 6. I was going to … , but I was afraid you would laugh at me. 7. I was going to … , but I fell asleep! • We were going to … , but it cost too much.

49. Compare • Teachers are supposed to be fair to all students. • Children are supposed torespect their elders. • I was going to bring your book, but I totally forgot! I’m sorry. • Iwasgoing to come to your graduation, but I had to work late! I’m sorry!

50. 9-11 Making Suggestions • Let’s… • Let’s go to a movie tonight! • Let’s not… • Let’s not go to the party. I’m tired. • Why don’t… • Why don’t we go to Hawaii next summer? • Shall I/we…? (very formal) • Shall we leave at 9? Is that okay? • Let’s go. Shall we?