Cold War Part II

1. Cold War Part II

2. The Arms Race

3. The race begins…. • Both countries began developing their weapons so as to be able to ‘outgun’ their opponents. This meant: • developing more powerful weapons • Having more of one weapon than the other side • WHY NUCLEAR WEAPONS? • Cheaper than having a large army • They were a deterrent. The idea was to have so many missiles that they could not all be destroyed. If one side attacked then it knew that the other could retaliate. This was known as MAD – MUTUAL ASSURED DESTRUCTION. • For some the Arms Race was a test of the strengths of Capitalism v communism

4. What the Soviets had What the US had 76 IBMs 700 Medium range bombers 1,600 bombers 38,000 Tanks 12 Nuclear submarines 495 Conventional submarines 0 Battleships and cruisers 450 ICBMs (intermediate-range ballistic missile) 250 Medium range missiles 2,260 Bombers 16,000Tanks 32 Nuclear submarines 260 Conventional submarines 76 Battleships and carriers

5. Dates of the nuclear arms race, 1945 - 1960 1945 – USA tests and drops the first atomic (A) bombs 1949 – USSR tests A bomb 1952 – USA tests its first hydrogen (H) bomb (hydrogen is 2,500 times more powerful then the bomb dropped on Hiroshima.) 1953 – USSR tests its first H bomb 1957 – USSR 1. tests ICBM capable of carrying an H bomb from USSR to USA 2. puts the space satellite ‘Sputnik’ into orbit.

6. 1958 – USA • Places IRBMs targeted on USSR in NATO countries. Both sides could now launch direct attacks on each others’ cities • Launches its own satellite 1960 – USA launches first nuclear powered submarine capable of firing a Polaris missile with an atomic warhead from underwater

7. · In 1949, the U.S. learned that the Soviet Union also possessed atomic weapons. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bz3t4LcXwtE

10. Barry McGuire • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tWDVl-QgM7M

11. First man in space • In 1961 Yuri Gagarin, a Soviet cosmonaut was the first man to orbit the earth – the Soviets had the lead. For Khrushchev it was a triumph for communism • Score: USA – 0 • Soviets - 2

12. Apollo program • USA spent the 60s trying to catch up to the Soviets.

13. Armstrong lands on moon!

14. Cuban Missile Crisis

15. 1959 - Castro takes power • January 1, 1959 leftist forces under Fidel Castro overthrow Fulgencio Batista • Castro nationalizes the sugar industry and signs trade agreements with the Soviet Union. • The next year, Castro seizes U.S. assets on the island.

16. Post Revolution • Rents were reduced to historically low levels. Wage and price controls were also implemented, and the Agrarian Reform Law was passed in May. With this, the largest estates on the island were confiscated and redistributed in smaller parcels to small farmers or cooperatives. • Castro also began to implement major social reforms such as a literacy program, which would eventually assure that all Cubans could read and write, the construction of hospitals and public housing, and providing education and health care universally for free.

17. What do some of those reforms sound like?

18. Khruschev Embraces Castro,1961

19. Bay of Pigs Invasion · The U.S. became worried as Cuba received increased amounts of aid from the Soviet Union. · In 1961, President John F. Kennedy approved of a plan to overthrow Castro’s government with the help of Cuban exiles.

20. · The exiles landed at the Bay of Pigs in Southern Cuba where they were easily defeated by Cuban forces, strengthening Fidel Castro and embarrassing the United States. Fidel Castro, parading through the streets of Havana after his victory against Cuban expatriates in the Bay of Pigs invasion. (1961)

21. The Cuban Missile Crisis • The Soviet Union began to build missile bases in Cuba, worrying Americans that we were vulnerable to attack.

22. A U2 spy plane found these missile silos in Cuba, 1962.

23. Soviet-Cuban Construction

24. Range of the Cuban Missiles

25. Global Thermal Nuclear War?

26. Upon approaching Cuba, the Soviet boats turned back. • Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev agreed to remove Soviet missiles from Cuba, and the U.S. agreed not to invade Cuba.

27. "I found myself in the difficult position of having to decide on a course of action which would answer the American threat but which would also avoid war.  Any fool can start a war, and once he's done so, even the wisest of men are helpless to stop it-- especially if its a nuclear war.” - Nikita Khrushchev

28. Cuban Missile Crisis (1962) We went eyeball-to-eyeball with the Russians, and the other man blinked!

29. End to a crisis! • The Soviets removed the missiles in Cuba. • In exchange, USA pledged to not invade Cuba again. And to remove missiles in Turkey (right).

30. BERLIN WALL • 1961 • Divides East and West Berlin

31. During the period from 1961 to 1989. In the years between 1949 and 1961, about 2.5 million East Germans had fled from East to West Germany, including steadily rising numbers of skilled workers, professionals, and intellectuals. Their loss threatened to destroy the economic viability of the East German state. In response, East Germany built a barrier to close off East Germans’ access to West Berlin (and hence West Germany). This barrier, the Berlin Wall, was first erected on the night of August 12–13, 1961, as the result of a decree passed on August 12 by the East German Volkskammer (“Peoples’ Chamber”).

32. The Brandenburg Gate, as seen through a barbed-wire barrier that represented the earliest version of the Berlin Wall. John Waterman—Fox Photos/Hulton Archive/Getty Images

33. The original wall, built of barbed wire and cinder blocks, was subsequently replaced by a series of concrete walls (up to 15 feet high) that were topped with barbed wire and guarded with watchtowers, gun emplacements, and mines. By the 1980s this system of walls, electrified fences, and fortifications extended 28 miles (45 km) through Berlin, dividing the two parts of the city, and extended a further 75 miles (120 km) around West Berlin, separating it from the rest of East Germany.

36. Berlin, Checkpoint Charlie. October 1961

38. The Brezhnev Years • Brezhnev replaced Khruschev in 1964 and ruled the USSR until his death in 1982. • Although he did not reinstate the terror of the Stalin era, he did seek to once again strengthen the role of the Communist party bureaucracy and the KGB. • Brezhnev also clamped down on reform movements in the E. European satellite states and called for a “new cold war.”

39. War in Vietnam • U.S., with huge military might, invaded tiny country but lost. • 7,000,000 tons of bombs dropped • Almost one 500 pound bomb for each person in Vietnam.

40. Why was the U.S. involved? • French colony until the French were defeated in 1954 • Geneva Accords divided country into North and South—communist North. • U.S. installs Ngo Dinh Diem as leader (dictator) • Democratic elections slated for two years—never happened

41. Why was the U.S. involved? • Opposition to Diem regime grew • A few landlords became rich, but peasants grew poorer • In 1960, National Liberation Front (NLF) formed. Included many groups, most not communist • In 1963, Diem assassinated in military coup (supported by U.S.)

42. Conflict escalates • Generals could not suppress NLF • In 1964, Gulf of Tonkin. • Allegedly, U.S. ship Maddox attacked • Later, Pentagon Papers suggest that incident was staged, though many don’t agree • Congressional Tonkin Resolution gives President power to use force

43. Bombing (and protest) begins • In 1965, D.C. protest attracts 25,000 • By 1968, 500,000 American troops on the ground • War polarizes the nation—takes down LBJ • In 1968, Nixon proposes “vietnamization”

44. Horrors of war • My Lai massacre—68 • Over 500 civilians intentionally killed • In 1969, the story broke in the NYT • William Calley, the Unit leader, convicted • Nixon commuted sentence

45. May 1968 Protest in France • Started by students, • Moved to workers (over 11 million)- 22% of the population • What caused it- Algeria, time period, people dissatisfied • Result- De Gaulle steps down

47. Czechoslovakia: ‘The Prague Spring’, 1968

48. 1948: Czechoslovakia becomes a communist state • By 1967, many people felt their communist leaders were out of touch with the problems they were facing • Standard of living was falling • Trade was doing badly • People who publically disagreed with the government were put into prison • Leaders of student demonstrations were beaten

49. Antonin Novotny • Process of de-Stalinisation began in Czechoslovakia in the late 1950s and into the 1960s • Proclaimed the completion of socialism and the constitution. • Adopted the name Czechoslovak Socialist Republic

50. Writers • As the strict regime eased its rules, the cautiously began to air discontent, and in the union's gazette, , members suggested that literature should be independent of Party doctrine.