World War II & Cold War

1. World War II &Cold War

2. Axis Dictators • Benito Mussolini- Italy • Came into power in 1922 • Adolf Hitler- Germany • Came into power in 1934 • Hideki Tōjō • Came into power in 1940

3. Axis Aggression • Japan • Japan invades Manchuria 1931 • Japan invades China 1938 • Italy • Italy invades Ethiopia 1936 • Italy invades and annexes Albania • Germany • Germany annexes Austria 1938 • Germany invades Poland 1939

4. Alliances • Allied Powers • Great Britain • France • Russia • United States (After the Attack on Pearl Harbor) • China • Axis Power • Germany • Italy • Japan

5. Election of 1940 then the Draft • FDR decides to Run for a third term • The Nation Needs emergency situation: • War in Europe • Problems in Asia • Wants to protect New Deal reforms

6. Pearl Harbor • American Reaction to Pearl Harbor was swift and violent.  • Immediate calls for war and revenge were heard throughout the country.  • Congress declared war and thousands of soldiers volunteered to fight. 

8. Japan Offensive • Hitler and Mussolini both declared war on the United States as a sign of support for the Japanese. • Japan Attacks Polynesian Asia Immediately following the attack on Pearl Harbor Japanese forces began a systematic invasion of the Pacific.  Malaysia, Singapore, Burma, French Indochina, and the Philippines were overrun.  American forces in the Philippines were outnumbered and overwhelmed by Japanese forces. • 12,000 American prisoners were taken in the fall of the last Philippine strong hold called Bataan. • “Bataan Death March”

9. American “Arsenal of Democracy” • America Mobilizes for War= (WPB) • War Production Board- goal is to transform industrial production to War production, organize all industrial output • Board had much power to control resources: • Limited civilian goods- Rationing of food, fuel… • Cars stopped being produced • Conservation and recycle movement, rubber, metal, grease, • Loans/War Bonds • $100 billion in bonds sold

10. Problem of Inflation • Prices rise with full inflation • Full employment: GDP Doubles 1940-1945 to $211.9 billion • Office of Price Administration is created to manage prices • Freezes prices • Rations- Gas, tires, meat, sugar, shoes, coffee, canned goods (Ration books-needed coupons to purchase goods)

11. The Size of Government Explodes • Hundreds of agencies created: • National War Labor Boards- to manage labor practices and prevent strikes • Office of War Mobilization- to help coordinate agencies • Local Draft Boards • Office of War Information- create and deliver propaganda at both home and abroad.

12. Japanese Relocation • Due to the fear of Japanese espionage (spying) some wanted to move the Immigrants out of major cities. • February 1942 FDR signed executive order 9066 • “Remove any and all persons who might pose a threat to national security.” • Camps were set up in the deserts • When Japan bombed Pearl Harbor a great backlash was directed at Japanese Americans

13. Japanese Internment Camps • Japanese were relocated in Camps: • Some Japanese sued for their rights: • Korematus v. the United States • Supreme Court upheld the • Internment of the Japanese

14. Key Figures Omar Bradley- Commander of American Forces in Europe. Dwight Eisenhower- Supreme Commander of the Allied Forces. Douglas MacArthur-Commander of American Forces in the Far East. Chester A. Nimitz-Commander of the Pacific Fleet George Marshall- Chief of staff of the U.S. Millitary George Patton- Major General best known for commanding the Western Task Force of the U.S. Army in northern Africa and in Sicily.

15. War in Europe • Allies agreed that Europe was first priority • June 6, 1944 D-Day- Allied Invasion of Normandy France, the Second Front is opened. • December 16, 1944 Battle of the Bulge (German counter attack in the Ardennes Forrest, 200K Germans attack Allies) • May 7, 1945 Germany Surrenders (Hitler is dead, Russians conquer Berlin)

16. War in the Pacific • Strategy of Island Hopping: bypass some islands controlled by Japanese and attack specific islands, to obtain air bases in an effort to bomb Japan more efficiently and to build up forces in an effort to invade Japan. • 1942 Major victory at Midway Island US takes out Japanese aircraft carriers

17. Women and the War • Rosie the Riveter: • Women go to work in munitions factories, other jobs, and the military

18. Contribution of Minorities Tuskegee Airmen-first African-American military aviators in the United States armed forces. The Flying Tigers-first American Volunteer Group (AVG) of the Chinese Air Force, was an all-volunteer pilot corps recruited from the United States Army Air Force, Navy, and Marine Corps. Navajo Code Talkers

19. GI Bill • Provided veterans a series of benefits: • Low interest loans for homes, business, and farms • Aid for education

20. FDR Dies April 12, 1945 • FDR dies and Harry Truman takes over • FDR was elected to an unprecedented 4 terms • He was a extremely beloved leader. • Election of 1944 running mate Harry S. Truman, from Missouri, a Democratic Senator, becomes President.

21. Atomic Bomb Production • FDR authorized a secret program code named “Manhattan Project” • 1943, J. Robert Oppenheimer, led the team of physicists to develop and atomic weapon, to spit the atom • Los Alamos, New Mexico • July 1945, the bomb was ready (Truman had no idea any bomb like this was being worked on, when he took office)

22. Harry Truman

27. German Atrocity…

28. The Cold War Begins

29. Soviet Union vs. the United States • Soviet Union (Russia) – Communist • United States – Democracy • The only two superpowers remaining after WW2 • Both sides wanted to spread their ideas around the world and both sides were suspicious of each other.

30. The World Takes Sides

31. China • Civil War broke out between Nationalists and Communists • The nationalists were defeated and fled to the island of Taiwan where they established their own country • China became Communist (People’s Republic of China –PRC).

32. US Response: Policy of Containment – 3 main parts • Truman Doctrine • US would support free people in any country resisting “armed minorities” or “outside takeover (by Communists)” • Provided economic and military aid to Greece and Turkey • Marshall Plan • Response to the need for strong stable governments in Europe • Reflected US concerns about the Soviet occupation of Czechoslovakia • Provided aid to all European countries in need • Promoted free trade with US for non-Communist nations • North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) • Mutual defense alliance of ten Western European nations, US and Canada • Reflected fear of Soviet aggression as demonstrated in Berlin • First such alliance for US during a time of peace • Showed the end of US isolationism

33. China

35. Korean War (1950-1953)

37. Communist Fears • People’s fear of communists living in the US grew. • Loyalty Review Board • House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) • Alger Hiss • The Rosenbergs

38. Alger Hiss • Had worked in the US State Department and helped in the establishment of United Nations • Accused of being a Communist by HUAC and later charged and convicted of perjury

39. The Rosenbergs (Julius and Ethel) • Delivered the secret of the atomic bomb to the Soviet Union • Convicted of spying/treason; executed in 1953 • Only American civilians executed for spying during the Cold War • - Helped fuel McCarthy’s investigations

40. McCarthyism • Joseph McCarthy claimed to have the names of government officials, army officials, and prominent citizens and accused them of being communists. • Eventually, people realized the witch-hunt had no evidence and they denounced McCarthy.

41. -Senator Joseph McCarthy -used unsupported claims to publicize and inflame anti-Communist fears

42. The CIA • Central Intelligence Agency • Used spies to gather information abroad. • Interfered in foreign countries affairs • Iran • Guatemala

43. The Space Race • Russians launched Sputnik (1957), the world’s first artificial satellite and put the first man in space. • United States created NASA in 1958 • Kennedy’s “Man on the Moon” speech • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ts0NlypZnFw • In 1969, the United States put the first man (Neil Armstrong) on the moon.

45. Cuba • Fidel Castro, a communist, led a guerrilla army to take charge of Cuba. • Castro received support from the Soviet Union • US enacted trade embargoes after Castro seized oil fields and sugar cane fields owned by American companies • The Bay of Pigs • CIA trained Cuban exiles to invade Cuba. • 1,500 exiles were met by 25,000 Cuban troops and easily defeated.

46. Cuban Missile Crisis • Russia sent nuclear missiles to Cuba that could hit American cities in minutes. • The US threatened a nuclear attack on Russia and assembled 100,000 troops in Florida. • For 6 days, the world feared a possible all out nuclear war.

48. Key Events by President / Time

49. Vietnam War Key Events/Terms • Vietnamization- giving the South Vietnamese government responsibility for carrying on the war, so as to allow for the withdrawal of American troops. • 26th Amendment- 18 years old to be able to vote. • Credibility Gap- the gap between the information being distributed by the U.S. Government and reality. • Silent Majority-large majority of people in a country or group who do not express their opinions publicly.

50. The Tet Offensive, January 1968 • N. Vietnamese Army + Viet Cong attack South simultaneously (67,000 attack 100 cities, bases, and the US embassy in Saigon) • Take every major southern city • U.S. + ARVN beat back the offensive • Viet Cong destroyed • N. Vietnamese army debilitated • BUT…it’s seen as an American defeat by the media