The shift from Authoritarianism to Individualism in the American colonies.

1. Remember The Organizing Principal: Between 1607 and 1763, the American colonies developed experience in self-government in the political, religious, economic, and social aspects of life. The shift from Authoritarianism to Individualism in the American colonies.

2. Puritan-controlled Mass. Bay Colony “We shall be as a city on a hill. The eyes of all people are upon us.” – J. Winthrop • 18,000 Puritans by 1642 • Led by John Winthrop who promoted a “holy society” • Most settlers came as free men and women • Artisans and farmers from England • Economy based on timbering, agriculture, & fishing. Traded fur with Natives • Printing Press & founded Harvard College • Over time, Puritans found it difficult to keep families in tight communities. The endless land was tempting

4. Roger Williams: A Puritan “Rebel” • Young, popular minister in Salem • Condemned MA Bay Charter & King’s right to grant Indian land • Denied authority of civil govt. to regulate religious behavior • 1635  found guilty of preaching new & dangerous opinions and was exiled. Was to be sent to England, but John Winthrop warned him. He fled south w/ followers and created “Providence”

5. Anne Hutchinson • 1634 – Arrived from England w/ husband and 7 children • Preached prayer to God without clergy & Antinomianism – God’s gift of grace • 1637 – Put on trial for “sedition” and was banished and excommunicated • She moved to Providence with Roger Williams and started the Rhode Island Colony.

6. Rhode Island • 1636  Roger Williams fled to Providence, Rhode Island expands from there • Remarkable political freedom • Universal manhood suffrage  later restricted by a property qualification. • RI becomes known as the “Sewer” - seen by Puritans as a dumping ground for unbelievers and religious dissenters  More liberal than any other colony

7. Puritans vs. Indians • 1621 Plymouth befriended by Wampanoag Indians - Squanto & Massasoit • 1637 Pequot War English vs. Pequot tribe - Connecticut River • 1675 Metacom a.k.a. King Philip War- alliance among diff. tribes. Metacom captured - head displayed. He did slow the western march of settlers but natives no longer posed a threat

8. Southern New EnglandIndian Tribes, 1636

9. Confederation of New England • Established in 1634 (England in Civil War) Purpose: band against natives, French, & Dutch • Puritan club • Mass. Bay & Plymouth • Connecticut New Haven & valley settlements • No Rhode Island or Maine settlements

10. Middle Colonies • 1660s by friends of British King Charles II. • Land speculators. Middle class farmers & craftsmen.

11. Interesting Facts about Middle Colonies -Called Breadbasket of Colonial America. The farmers raised a surplus so they could sell. -Germans invented Pennsylvania rifle & Conestoga wagon. -Philadelphia means brotherly love.

12. Middle Colonies: More Like “Later America” Than Other Regions • Economic diversity. • Large cities à more cosmopolitan culture. • Some slavery [6%-12% of the population]. • Ethnic and religious diversity. • Religious toleration. • “Bread Colonies.”

13. New Netherland - New York • Dutch East India company in East Asia • Henry Hudson • Dutch West India company in New Netherland • New Amsterdam was company town • Don’t care for religious, political tolerance • Strongly aristocratic

14. New Netherlands • Hostile natives • New Sweden on Delaware River trespassed on New Netherland land • 1655 Dutch wiped out New Sweden led by Peter Stuyvesant. In 1664, Stuyvesant surrender to Duke of York • New Amsterdam becomes New York

15. The Quakers • Quakers (Religious Society of Friends) - dissent against religious and civil authority • Utopian dream – fled England and Charles II. • Doctrine of the Inward Light- grace through a spark in the soul. All people should be elevated to clergy. • Said “thee” and “thou”, encouraged women to preach. Faced great resistance in the New World (prison, mutilation, deportation)

16. William Penn • Son of Sir William Penn (admiral who captured Jamaica in 1654) • Converted to Quakerism in 1666. Struggled to create a Quaker colony in West Jersey, wrote a constitution granting freedom to all males. • In 1681, Charles II granted Penn immense territory west of Delaware River, paying off debt to his father. • Quakers fled to “Pennsylvania”. Penn sold land at reasonable rates. Purchased Indian land from chiefs & sought peace.

17. The “Holy Experiment”

18. The Quaker Progress • “Utopian” compact villages did not materialize as Penn envisioned, but Pennsylvanians stayed peaceful and boomed in population growth. • Quakers only married within the society and limited size of families. • Philadelphia grew as a great port. Largest colonial city by 1750. Other diverse groups quickly settled in Pennsylvania. • Pennsylvania protected freedom of religion, but not to Jews or Catholics

20. 1670-1680 Crisis Iroquois Lands & European Trade Centers

21. Sorting out 17th Century dates… • 1675-76 - King Philip’s War • 1676 - Bacon’s Rebellion • 1685 – King Charles II dies, King James II takes the throne • 1688 - Glorious Revolution deposes James II and replaces him with “William and Mary” • 1692 – Salem Witch Trials

22. Spain’s failures in Florida • By 1675, 20,000 natives had been converted by Franciscan priests, yet few Spanish settlers could be persuaded to settle in Florida • Indians felt resentment toward the Spanish as disease continued to be a problem • By 1701, Spain weakly controlled Florida. English & French traders began to have the main influence of the region.

23. King Charles II • Ruled England, Scotland, Ireland 1660-1685 • Suffering from kidney failure, he asked his brother, James II, to take care of his mistress on his death bed. • As he died, James II had him baptized into the Catholic church

24. Dominion of New England • Under James II and Sir Edmond Andros, the “Dominion” gathered colonies from Maine to New England under one government. • Puritans angered to subjects of England, which cared nothing for New England’s special religious vision.

26. James II  William & Mary • James II announced his Catholic faith immediately • Issued “Declaration of Indulgence” – freedom of religion to all • In 1688, Protestant leaders invited William of Orange (Dutch prince) to seize the throne w/ his wife Mary, daughter of James. Mary refused to become Queen w/o William as King.

27. The Glorious Revolution • Called “Glorious Revolution” because it ended the notion that kings ruled by “divine right” and marked end to Catholic challenges. • Triggered New Englander’s fear of “papists” (Catholic dictators). Bostonians attacked Andros, who tried to escape in women’s clothing. • In New York, German Jacob Leisler established a temporary gov’t, freed imprisoned debtors, upheld the common man. Eventually tried for treason by all-English jury and hanged.

28. More Glorious Problems.. • Planters in Virginia tried to overthrow Catholic government • Dominion of New England collapsed. King appointed governors to Massachusetts & New Hampshire. Connecticut and Rhode Island had right to elect their own. • A “colonial elite” clearly emerged.

29. Salem Witch Trials - 1692 • Salem developed in the Massachusetts colony • Developed a court system and tried people for witchcraft. Independent or odd women were especially accused of being witches. • 29 convicted – most were hanged. One man was pressed. • http://www.history.com/videos/salem-witch-trials#salem-witch-trials