Cancer

1. Cancer Health Grade 8 Whiteman

2. Skin

3. Skin Cancer

4. Skin Cancer .

5. Skin Cancer

6. Skin Cancer • Diagnosis- Biopsy of mole, lesion, wart • Treatment- Depends on type of cancer, general health, location, depth • Options: Cutting out tumor, surgery Moh’s, radiation, chemotherapy • Prognosis: Basal-1% with Moh’s, 10% other • Squamous- 95% cure rate if no spread • Melanoma- depends, low cure rate if spread

7. Breast Cancer • Starts in breast tissue • Early breast cancer no symptoms, • Symptoms: lump, bump in breast, armpit, change in size, shape nipple, fluid coming from nipple • Advanced cases: bone pain, breast pain, sore, swelling of arm, weight loss

8. Breast Cancer • Causes: • Family history • Genes • Age/gender • Menstral cycle • Alcohol use • Childbirth • obesity

9. Breast Cancer • Stage I and II -- Lumpectomy plus radiation or mastectomy with some sort of lymph node removal is standard treatment. Hormone therapy, chemotherapy, and biologic therapy may also be recommended following surgery. • Stage III -- Treatment involves surgery possibly followed by chemotherapy, hormone therapy, and biologic therapy. • Stage IV -- Treatment may involve surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, hormonal therapy, or a combination of such treatments.

10. Breast Cancer • Treatment: In general, cancer treatments may include: • Chemotherapy medicines to kill cancer cells • Radiation therapy to destroy cancerous tissue • Surgery to remove cancerous tissue -- a lumpectomy removes the breast lump; mastectomy removes all or part of the breast and possible nearby structures

11. Breast Cancer • Prognosis: How well you do after being treated for breast cancer depends on many things. The more advanced your cancer, the poorer the outcome. • The 5-year survival rate refers to the number of patients who live at least 5 years after their cancer is found. According to the American Cancer Society (ACS), the 5-year survival rates for persons with breast cancer who are appropriately treated are as follows: • 100% for stage 0 and I • 92% for stage IIA • 81% for stage IIB • 67% for stage IIIA • 54% for stage IIIB • 20% for stage IV

12. Breast Cancer • Prevention: Many risk factors -- such as your genes and family history -- cannot be controlled. However, a healthy diet and a few lifestyle changes may reduce your overall chance of cancer in general. • Breast cancer is more easily treated and often curable if it is found early. • Early detection involves: • Breast self-exams (BSE) • Clinical breast exams by a medical professional • Screening mammography • Most experts recommend that women age 20 and older examine their breasts once a month during the week following the menstrual period. • Women between the ages 20 and 39 should have a doctor examine their breasts at least once every 3 years. • 40 and older mammogram

13. Reproductive Cancer • Women: Cervical, Ovarian, Uterine • Men: testicular, prostate

14. Women Reproductive • Cervical • Overview • Cervical cancer is cancer that starts in the cervix, the lower part of the uterus (womb) that opens at the top of the vagina. 

15. Cervix

16. Cervical Cancer Symptoms • Symptoms • Most of the time, early cervical cancer has no symptoms. Symptoms that may occur can include: • Continuous vaginal discharge, • Abnormal vaginal bleeding • Periods become heavier and last longer than usual • Any bleeding after menopause

17. Worldwide, cervical cancer is the third most common type of cancer in women. It is much less common in the United States because of routine use of Pap smears. • Cervical cancers start in the cells on the surface of the cervix. There are two types of cells on the cervix's surface: squamous and columnar. The majority of cervical cancers are from squamous cells.

18. Causes • The development of cervical cancer is usually very slow. It starts as a pre-cancerous condition called dysplasia. This pre-cancerous condition can be detected by a Pap smear and is 100% treatable. That is why it is so important for women to get regular Pap smears. Most women that are diagnosed with cervical cancer today have not had regular Pap smears or they have not followed up on abnormal results. • Undetected, pre-cancerous changes can develop into cervical cancer and spread to the bladder, intestines, lungs, and liver. It can take years for pre-cancerous changes to turn into cervical cancer. Patients with cervical cancer do not usually have problems until the cancer is advanced and has spread. • Almost all cervical cancers are caused by HPV (human papilloma virus). HPV is a common virus that is spread through sexual intercourse. There are many different types of HPV, and many do not cause problems. However, only certain strains of HPV actually lead to cervical cancer. (Other strains may cause genital warts.)

19. Causes • Other risk factors for cervical cancer include: • Having sex at an early age • Multiple sexual partners • Sexual partners who have multiple partners or who participate in high-risk sexual activities • Women whose mothers took the drug DES (diethylstilbestrol) during pregnancy in the early 1960s to prevent miscarriage • Weakened immune system • Poor economic status (may not be able to afford regular Pap smears)

20. Diagnosis • Pre-cancerous changes of the cervix and cervical cancer can not be seen with the naked eye. Special tests and tools are needed to spot such conditions. • Pap smears screen for pre-cancers and cancer, but do not offer the final diagnosis. If abnormal changes are found, the cervix is usually examined under magnification. This is called colposcopy. Pieces of tissue are surgically removed (biopsied) during this procedure and sent to a laboratory for examination

21. Prognosis • Many factors influence the outcome of cervical cancer. These include:  • The type of cancer • The stage of the disease • The age and general physical condition of the woman • Pre-cancer conditions are completely curable when followed up and treated properly. The chance of being alive in 5 years (5-year survival rate) for cancer that has spread to the inside of the cervix walls but not outside the cervix area is 92%. • However, the 5-year survival rate falls steadily as the cancer spreads into other areas.

22. Prevention • A new vaccine to prevent cervical cancer is now available.The vaccine called Gardasil, which prevents infection against the two types of HPV responsible for the majority of cervical cancer cases. Gardasil is the first approved vaccine targeted specifically to prevent any type of cancer. • Practicing safe sex (using condoms) also reduces your risk of HPV and other sexually-transmitted diseases. HPV infection causes genital warts. These may be barely visible or several inches wide. • Pap smears can help detect pre-cancerous changes, which can be treated before they turn into cervical cancer. but they must be done regularly. Annual pelvic examinations, including a pap smear, should start when a woman becomes sexually active, or by the age of 20 in a non-sexually active woman. • If you smoke, quit. Cigarette smoking is associated with an increased risk of cervical cancer.