9/16 Bell Work:

1. Women are more attracted to men that they are told like them a lot for sure compared to men who may or may not like them a lot. 9/16 Bell Work: :

2. Adolescence- time to talk about you! Physical and Sexual Development • Adolescence is the transition period between childhood and adulthood. • In some societies, adolescence is not recognized as a separate stage of life; individuals move directly from childhood to adulthood. • But in our society adolescence is looked upon as a time of preparation for adult responsibilities.

3. Initiation rites: ceremonies or rituals in which an individual is admitted to new status or accepted into a new position. • Initiation rites are also known as rites of passage, which can include: • celebration of birthdays at 16, 18 and 21 • bar mitzvahs and bat mitzvahs • graduation from high school or college • weddings • Young people are undergoing complex physical and emotional changes that effect them both personally and socially.

4. Theories of Adolescence: • #1 G. Stanley Hall – caged animal • #2 Margaret Mead – 1st world problems • #3 Robert Havighurst – task master

5. G. Stanley Hall • G. Stanley Hall (1904) saw the adolescent as a transitional stage- • a fully grown animal in a cage, an animal that sees freedom but does not know quite when freedom will occur or how to handle it. • Hall coined the phrase “storm and stress” meaning the teen is confused, troubled, and highly frustrated.

6. Margaret Mead • Margaret Mead (1920s) found in some cultures, adolescence is a highly enjoyable time of life and not at all marked by storm and stress was a by-product of an industrialized society. • Proposed culture might play a role in development.

7. Continued • Robert Havighurst- every adolescent faces challenges in the form of developmental tasks that must be mastered. • Accepting one’s physical makeup and acquiring a masculine or feminine gender role • Developing appropriate relations with age-mates of both sexes • Becoming emotionally independent of parents and other adults • Achieving the assurance that one will become economically independent

8. Deciding on, preparing for, and entering a vocation • Developing the cognitive skills and concepts necessary for social competence • Understanding and achieving socially responsible behavior • Preparing for marriage and family • Acquiring values that are harmonious and appropriate • Most teens face stress, but find a way to deal with it. • The most important of theses include the individual’s adjustment in childhood, the level of adjustment of his or her parents and peers, and the changes that occur during adolescence. • This time period is marked by major physical, social, emotional, and intellectual changes.

9. Physical Development Puberty: sexual maturation; the end of childhood and the point when reproduction is first possible Hormones trigger a series of internal and external changes. Some girls start to mature physically as early as 8, while boys may start to matures between 9 or 10. Just before puberty boys and girls experience a growth spurt. BBC Video Clip

10. Reactions to Growth – both sexes • Teens conform to ideals of how a male or female their age should act, dress, and look. • Most teens mention physical appearance when they discuss what they don’t like about themselves.

11. Reactions to Growth -boys • Boys who mature early (advantage) • Become sport hero • Others look up to them/crushes • More self-confident and independent • Boys who mature late • Become withdrawn • Display defiant behavior • Never grow up

12. Reaction to Growth-girls • Mature early • Embarrassed • Date older boys (pregnant) • Become bossy w/other people • Can be more popular • Mature late • Get along with peers • Less aggressive • But may not like themselves

13. Sexual Development • The physical changes that occur are accompanied by changes in behavior and attitudes about sex. • The average age of marriage is about 26 years, about three or four years later than in the 1950s.

14. Sexual Attitudes • Depending on your culture/society determines how much you know about sexual development. • In some societies children are kept in the dark about sex until just before they are married. • Whereas some are encouraged to engage in sexual play in the belief that such play will foster mature development.

15. Increase of Sexual Awareness • Many questions have been raised over the role of the family, religion and government in providing information and guidance about sex. • The teen birth rate has fallen steadily since 1991. • Studies show that children of teenage mothers are more likely to become teenage parents themselves, to do poorly in school, and likely to serve time in prison.

16. Diseases • Fear of sexually transmitted diseases and the AIDS epidemic have effected sexual attitudes. • More teens turning to abstinence.

17. Personal Development – Ch. 4.2

18. Cognitive Development • So… you have new intellectual capacities called rationalization. • Rationalization: an individual seeks to explain an often unpleasant emotion or behavior in a way that will preserve his or her self-esteem. • What this means: You fail a test, you may begin to rationalize this because you were worried about the date you MIGHT be going on next week.

19. Just like physical maturity, there are variations in cognitive maturity. • Believe it or not the rate of maturity can depend on: • social and economic classes • what country you live in • formal education • learning to read and write • Why is this important?

20. Did you know you may be rebellious? This is because, for the first time you can imagine the hypothetical- how things might be. When you compare this to the way things are, the world seems a sorry place. As a result you can grow rebellious.

21. Dr. David Elkind • He described some problems you develop as a result of immaturity and abstract thought processes: • Finding fault with authority figures: people you admired for years fall short of their ideals • Argumentativeness: You build viewpoints by arguing any problems that presents itself. • Indecisiveness: you have trouble making even simple decisions. • Apparent hypocrisy: you have trouble understanding an ideal and living up to it. • Self-consciousness: you assume that everyone is thinking about the same thing you are- yourselves! • Invulnerability: You begin to feel special, that your experiences are unique, you are not subject to the same rules are everyone else…you become risk-takers.

22. Moral Development • Back in chapter 3.3 we learned that moral reasoning develops in stages (Lawrence Kohlberg). Lets review • In the early stage young children are very egocentric. • Stage 1- they consider an act right or wrong depending on whether or not it elicits punishment • Stage 2- or on whether it has positive or negative consequences for themselves • Stage 3- they judge an action by whether or not it is socially approved • Stage 4- or is sanctioned by an established authority • Many people never get beyond Stage 4 and their moral thinking becomes rigid.

23. Moral Development Continued • However, those that do move past Stage 4 • Stage 5- they become concerned with whether a law is fair or just- • they believe that the laws must change as the world changes and are never absolute. • ex. An individual who has progressed to Stage 5 might ignore a law to save a human life. • Stage 6- are also concerned with making fair and just decisions- • different from Stage 5 in that they formulate absolute ethical principles, such as the Golden Rule. • Moral laws apply to everyone, cannot be broken, and are more important than any written law.

24. Identity Development • Children tend to live in the present; adults think about the future. How do you go from one stage to the next? • Erikson’s Theory of the Identity Crisis • To achieve some sense of themselves you must go through identity crisis • Identity crisis: a period of inner conflict during which adolescents worry intensely about who they are • Teens begin to see the future as a reality, not just a game. • The process is a painful one that is full of inner conflict, because they are torn by the desire to feel unique and distinctive on the one hand and to fit in on the other. • The adolescent question is “Who am I?”…role confusion is normal. • It is typically in the teen years that individuals make commitments on such things as occupation, religion, and political orientation.

25. James Marcia’s View of the Identify Crisis • Agrees with Erikson, he just took it one step further-four attempts to achieve a sense of identity. • Identity moratorium adolescents - who are seriously considering the issues but have not made a commitment on any of the important matters facing them. • Identity foreclosure adolescents – have made a firm commitment about issues based not on their own choice but on the suggestion of others. • Identity confused or diffused adolescents- who have not given any serious thought to making any decisions and have no clear sense of identity. • Identity achievement adolescents-whoconsidered many possible identities and have freely committed themselves to occupations and other important life matters.

26. Social Learning View • A.C. Peterson argues that crisis is not the normal state of affairs for adolescents. • When a crisis happens it may because of divorce, not a biological factor. • Albert Bandura believes individuals develop by interacting with others called Social Learning Theory.

27. Continued • It is possible for an individual to move from one category to another. • Erikson and Marcia insist that all adolescents experience an identity crisis. • “Crisis” suggest that adolescence is a time of nearly overwhelming stress. • Not all psychologist agree.