Ch.1: Matter and Change

1. Ch.1: Matter and Change 1.1 Chemistry

2. Sciences • used to be divided into strict categories • physical (nonliving) • biological (living) • Chemistry has parts that fall under both categories • many sciences are so interrelated that you can’t categorize them in those ways anymore.

3. Chemistry • study of matter and the changes it undergoes • chemists use instruments to improve their ability to observe and make measurements

4. Chemistry • chemists work with chemicals (any substance with definite composition) • all matter has chemical basis whether it is living or nonliving

5. Branches of Chemistry • organic- study of compounds containing carbon • inorganic- study of compounds that aren’t organic • physical- study of changes of matter and their energy

6. Branches of Chemistry • analytical- study of composition of materials • biochemistry- study of substances and processes in living things • theoretical- use of math and computers to understand chemical behaviors and design new compounds

7. Types of Research • Basic Research- done to increase knowledge • Applied Research- done to solve a problem • Technological Development- done to improve quality of life • technology – application of knowledge (usually scientific) for practical purposes

8. Pause: Write a 3 – 5 sentence summary on chemistry

9. Ch. 1: Matter and Change 1.2 Matter and Its Properties

10. Terms • Matter- anything that has mass and volume • Atom- smallest unit of an element that keeps the properties of element • Element- pure substance made of only one type of atom • Compound- substance made of 2 or more types of atoms that are chemically bonded • Molecule- type of compound in which bonds are covalent bonds

11. Properties of Matter • chemists use characteristic properties to tell substances apart and to separate them • some properties define a group of substances

12. Types of Properties • Extensive- depend on the amount of matter • Ex: volume, mass, amount of energy • Intensive- do not depend on the amount • Ex: density, boiling point, ability to conduct

13. Physical- characteristics that can be observed or measured without changing the identity of a substance Chemical- relates to a substances ability to undergo changes that transform it into a different substance Easiest to see when a chemical is reacting Types of Properties

14. change in a substance that doesn’t change the identity of the substance Ex. grinding, cutting, melting, boiling Includes all changes of state (physical changes of a substance from one state to another) Physical Changes in Matter

15. Solid • definite volume • definite shape • atoms are packed together in fixed positions • strong attractive forces between atoms • only vibrate in place

16. Liquid • definite volume • indefinite shape • atoms are close together • atoms can overcome attractive forces to flow

17. Gases • indefinite volume • indefinite shape • atoms move very quickly • atoms are far apart • pretty weak attractive forces

18. Changes of State

19. Plasma • high temperature state in which atoms lose their electrons • Ex. the sun

20. Chemical Changes in Matter • a change in which a substance is converted into a different substance • same as chemical reaction • doesn’t change the amount of matter present • reactants- substances that react • products- substances that form

21. mercury + iodine  mercuric iodide

22. Energy Changes in Matter • when any change occurs, energy is always involved • energy can be in different forms (light, heat, etc.) • energy is never destroyed or created (law of conservation of energy)

23. Energy Changes in Matter • Exothermic Reaction- reaction that gives off energy (feels warm on outside) • Endothermic Reaction- reaction that uses up energy (feels cold on outside)

24. Go on to Classification of Matter

25. Starter 9/14 • Determine whether each of the following is an extensive or intensive property: • volume • density • mass • melting point

26. Ch. 1: Matter and Change 1.2 Classification of Matter

28. Pure Substances • every sample has same: • characteristic properties • composition • are made of: • one type of atom: element • Ex: iron, gold, oxygen • 2 or more types of atoms: compound • Ex: salt, sugar, water

29. Chemical Purity • chemicals in lab are treated as pure • all chemicals have some level of impurity • different grades of chemical are used for different purposes

30. Which are pure substances?

31. Mixtures • blend of 2 or more types of matter • each component keeps its own identity and properties • the components are only physically mixed • can be separated using physical means • properties of the mixture are a combination of the properties of the componenent’s properties

32. also called solution uniform in composition no visible parts Ex: vinegar clear air salt water brass Homogeneous Mixtures

33. not uniform in composition visible parts Ex: soil concrete blood chocolate chip cookies sand in water iced tea with ice Heterogeneous Mixtures

34. Mixtures

35. Physical Separation Techniques • Filtration- solid part is trapped by filter paper and the liquid part runs through the paper • Vaporization- where the liquid portion is evaporated off to leave solid

36. Physical Separation Techniques • Decanting- when liquid is poured off after solid has settled to bottom • Centrifuge- machine that spins a sample very quickly so that components with different densities will separate

37. Physical Separation Techniques • Paper Chromatography- used to separate mixtures because different parts move quicker on paper than other

39. air wood chlorine granite aluminum sugar in water blood sucrose stainless steel sodium chloride brass whole milk apple table salt soft drinks vinegar concrete sodium baking soda (NaHCO3) gravel PracticeDetermine whether each of the following is element, compound, homogeneous mixture or heterogeneous mixture.

40. Ch.1 Matter and Change 1.3 Elements

41. Elements • elements are pure substances • organized by properties on periodic table

42. Elements • each square shows the name and letter symbol for each element • usually the symbols relate to the English names but some come from older names (usually Latin) • Ex: gold’s symbol is Au from aurum • Ex: iron’s symbol is Fe from ferrum

43. Groups also called families vertical columns numbered 118 have similar chemical properties Periods horizontal rows properties changes consistently across a period numbered 1-7 Periodic Table

44. Periodic Table

45. Periodic Table • two rows below the periodic table are the lanthanide and actinide series • these rows fit after #57 and #89 • they are only at the bottom to keep the width of the chart smaller

46. Types of Elements • Metals • an element that is a good conductor of electricity • at room temperature, most are solids • malleable- can be rolled or hammered into sheets • ductile- can be made into wire • high tensile strength- can resist breakage when pulled • most have silvery or grayish white luster

47. Types of Elements • Nonmetals • an element that is a poor conductor of heat and electricity • many are gases at room temperature • some are solids: usually brittle, not malleable

48. Types of Elements • Metalloids • an element that has some characteristics of metals and nonmetals • appear along staricase line • B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te • all are solids at room temperature • less malleable that metals but less brittle than nonmetals • are semiconductors

49. Types of Elements • Noble Gases • generally unreactive gases • in far right column of periodic table (Group 18)