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Vietnam and Thailand

Vietnam and Thailand. Coping with Regional Integration and Chinese Challenge in Different Ways. Kenichi Ohno (VDF & GRIPS) March 24, 2005. Background. VDF and MOI have been cooperating in policy research since VDF started

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Vietnam and Thailand

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  1. Vietnam and Thailand Coping with Regional Integration and Chinese Challenge in Different Ways Kenichi Ohno(VDF & GRIPS) March 24, 2005

  2. Background • VDF and MOI have been cooperating in policy research since VDF started • To study methodology, procedure, content and adjustment of industrial policy making under global integration • VDF presented its views to H.E. Minister Hai and MOI high officials (Feb. 25, 2004) • VDF-MOI joint mission to Thailand (Feb.28-Mar.4, 2005)

  3. Today’s Menu:How Thailand Does It • Overview • Top-down liberalization and general support • National positioning • Policy formulation with private involvement • Automobile master plan • SI and SME promotion • Glass ceiling problem

  4. Why Thailand? • Similar population size (61 million) • Income level of $2,291, a reasonable target for Vietnam 2020 (currently $481) • High manufactured export ratio (76%) • Excels in two key industrial products --Electronics exports --Automobiles and motorcycles

  5. VDF Proposal (Feb. 2004):Vietnam’s Targets for 2020 • Relative income—join the middle group (China + ASEAN4) • Export structure—Manufacturing is (75%) or more • Selected leading status—Vietnam becomes No.1 or No.2 exporter in the world for a few high-tech items, based on industrial agglomeration and high quality • Supporting industries—significant amounts of parts and inputs are domestically produced (but not 100%) • Supporting services—domestic skilled labor provides a large part of design, production management, marketing, etc. replacing foreigners

  6. Problems with ThailandVietnam should avoid these Uncontrolled urbanization: • Too much concentration in Bangkok • Traffic congestion • Urban-rural income gap does not narrow Even after 40 years of FDI-led industrial growth, • Lack of high-skilled labor and slow technical absorption • Weak local supporting industries (dominated by FDI parts producers)

  7. Topic 1Top-down Liberalization and General Support • Thaksin Government (2001-05, 2005-09) • Top-down decision making (unlike past) PM Order  Ministries to work out details • Run a country like a business enterprise --Results oriented --Quick action & response --Attractive slogans for marketing Thailand --Administrative reforms for efficiency

  8. Key Policy Directions 1. Aggressive liberalization --Lead global & regional integration by free trade & FDI initiatives --No preference for nationality of enterprises operating in Thailand (foreign or local) 2. Increase domestic capability --Not just export promotion, but increase domestic value and employment --NondiscriminatorySME & SI promotion (for local or foreign, large or small firms)

  9. Topic 2National Positioning --How to cope with Chinese challenge? --How to take advantage of globalization and regional integration? Thai answer is relatively clear (at general level) • Target industries with high domestic value-added • Find global market niche (avoid direct competition with China)

  10. Targeted Industries • Automobile and parts (“Detroit of Asia”) • Agro-industry (“Kitchen of the World”) • Fashion (“Regional Fashion Hub”) • High VA services (healthcare, spa, tourism…) • (Electronics and ITC) • (Energy and renewable energy) Note: Ministry of Industry (MOI) and Board of Investment (BOI) have different lists. The last two are only in BOI’s list. Tourism is a separate category in MOI’s list.

  11. Comparison of General Policy Orientation

  12. Topic 3Policy Formulation with Private Sector Involvement --Master plan--Implementation--Monitoring--Adjustment Prime Minister Policy directionto be concretized Order  RelevantMinistry Industry-specificCommittees Directinputs Industry-specificInstitute PrivateSector Experts

  13. Industry-specific Institutes • Recently Thai Gov’t established 9 institutes (automotive, electronics, textile, steel…) • Key functions: --Coordination among gov’t, private sector, experts --Supporting services (training, testing, etc) --Policy research • Can they really play useful roles? • Required to become financially independent after 5 years (possible? desirable?) • Crowd out private consultancy & research?

  14. Industry-specific Government Committees • Attended by relevant policy makers and top managers of private firms • Meet frequently (every 1-2 months) • Policy design, action plans, implementation, adjustment, trouble-shooting • If new issues arise, sub-committees are set up to solve them • Information is shared and decisions are supported by all concerned

  15. Master Plans for Individual Industries Drafting process—about one year; PM approval is not required Joint process PrivateSector PrivateSector Explain ThailandAutomotiveInstitute Government& PrimeMinister Market info,targets Policy concerns, measures Submit Coordination & drafting Report Thai MOI PolicyMakers (Official author)

  16. Master Plans (contd.) • Private sector proposes numerical targets • Thailand Automotive Institute (TAI) provides coordination and drafts M/P • Budget, projects and technical assistance are specified in implementation • Private sector, government and TAI continue to cooperate closely in implementation, monitoring and adjustment

  17. Five-Year PlanThe Ninth National Economic and Social Development Plan 2002-2006 • Drafter--National Economic and Social Development Board (NESDB) • Contains broad socio-economic concerns Good governance, human resources, social protection, environment, macroeconomy, competitiveness, science & technology • Some say that Five-Year Plan is no longer needed under top-down Thaksin Government

  18. Tentative Evaluation • Private firms (local & foreign) seem happy with government’s responsiveness • Thai MOI and related bodies feel that policy making is now faster and more integrated • However, some think actual implementation is more difficult than PR and frameworks

  19. Design and Execution of Industrial Policies

  20. Topic 4Automobile Master Plan • Recent Thai automobile boom --Output and exports rising strongly --From import substitution to export orientation --FDI makers upgrade Thailand to global supply base • Reasons --Favorable reassessment of Thailand after strong recovery from Asian crisis --Decisive trade & FDI liberalization under WTO, AFTA, FTAs • Remaining problems --Weak human resources (engineers, managers) --Weak technical capability of local SMEs

  21. ASEAN Auto Market Size, 2003 Million vehicles per year --Thai auto industry has developed over 40 years --This year, Thai auto output is expected at 1.1 million

  22. Automobile Production Million vehicles Asian Crisis Sources: Vietnamese automobile master plan (Sep. 2004); Thailand Automotive Institute website; author’s estimate.

  23. Auto Price Comparison, 20041500cc sedan in capital city With full implementation of Special Consumption Tax increase by 2007 Source: JETRO, The 14th Survey of Investment-Related Cost Comparison in Major Cities and Regions in Asia (March 2004). Note: The dotted grey area corresponds to JAMA simulation under the full implementation of SCT increase by 2007.

  24. Thai Auto Master Plan2002-2006 • Drafted, executed and adjusted jointly by private sector and government • Drafting period: about one year • Autos, trucks and motorcycles are covered • No revision (constant adjustment makes it unnecessary) • Next M/P to be drafted this year, with same methodology but new targets

  25. Thai Master Plan Contents 1. Analysis of global situation 2. Analysis of domestic situation 3. Strengths & weaknesses of Thailand 4. Vision/goal  Numerical targets 5. Strategies--Business Intelligence Unit, HRD, market expansion by FTA, good governance, infrastructure, clusters, supply chain, standardization, technology, management 6. Detailed action plans

  26. VDF Proposal (Feb. 2004):Suggested Master Plan Contents Japan designed industrial policies like this. Thai auto M/P has the same structure. What is the current global situation? Action plan A What is ourposition in theworld economy? What are thekey nationalgoals? Action plan B Action plan C What is thedomesticsituation? Action plan D

  27. Thai M/P Targets for 2006 • Auto production: 1 million • Export 40% of auto production • Motorcycle production: 2 million • Export 20% of motorcycle production • Export high-quality parts, 200 billion baht • 60% Localization (target, not forced) Note: expected results for 2005 already exceed these targets: Automobiles--production (1.1 mil), export (0.42 mil) Motorcycles--production (3 mil), export (0.8 mil) Parts export (220 bil baht)

  28. Comparing Auto Master Plans

  29. Topic 5SI and SME Promotion After 40 years, Thai local industries are still weak Part Procurement of Thai Auto Industry Local firms 25% FDI firms in Thailand 45% Imports 30% Low-tech parts High-tech parts Raw Materials Used by Parts Industry ALL IMPORTED Information by Nomura Research Institute, July 2004

  30. Measures for SMEs • Training centers & courses • Testing facilities (for autos, product quality…) • Formation of “clusters” --SMEs working together to produce • “Train Factory” system --Big FDI firms teach local SMEs Critiques say these are not enough; gov’t should do more to improve local capability

  31. Topic 6Glass Ceiling Problem • Industry promotion under protection is no longer permitted today • BUT…is complete openness consistent with leveling up of industries? • No ASEAN country has internalized industrial management & technology, unlike Korea or Taiwan • Is more aggressive policy necessary even under WTO and FTAs? In what way?

  32. VDF Presentation (Feb. 2004):Breaking the “Glass Ceiling” Creativity STAGE FOUR Full capability in innovation and product design as global leader Technical absorption STAGE THREE Technology & management mastered, can produce high quality goods Agglomeration STAGE TWO Have supporting industries, but still under foreign guidance Japan, US, EU STAGE ONE Simple manufacturing under foreign guidance Korea, Taiwan Thailand, Malaysia No ASEAN countries have broken through the invisible barrier between Stage Two & Three. Vietnam

  33. Possible Lessons • Vietnam can learn from Thailand --National positioning & strategic marketing --Channels to work closely with the private sector --Making institutes & committees work better --Hints for master plan contents and procedure • Vietnam can also learn from Thai weaknesses --Internalize technology ! --Improve human resources for industrialization !  These are long-term goals. There should be properly targeted efforts from the early stage of industrialization

  34. THE END

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