UNITED NATIONS

1. UNITED NATIONS Department of Peacekeeping Operations (DPKO)

2. Principal Organs of the UN • UN General Assembly Delebrtaive Assembly • UN Security Council Maint of Intl peace and security • UN Secretariat Administrative Organ (Fifth Committee - admin and budget , ACABQ – Advisory Cttee on Admin and Budgetory Questions, and DFS and DPA) DPKO

3. UNandPeacekeeping • The Charter of the UN was signed, in San Francisco, on 26 June 1945 and is the foundation document for all the UN tasks. • The UN was established to “save succeeding generations from the scourge of war” and one of its main purposes is to maintain international peace and security. Peacekeeping, although not explicitly provided for in the Charter, has evolved into one of the main tools used by the UN to achieve this purpose.

4. DPKO • The UN was established to “save succeeding generations from the scourge of war” and one of its main purposes is to maintain international peace and security. • DPKO (est in 1992), is dedicated in assisting the Member States and the SGin their efforts to maintain international peace and security. Main Functions -Provides political and executive direction to UN Peacekeeping operations around the world. -Maintains contact with the SC, troops, financial contributors and parties to the conflictin the implementation of SC mandates. -Works to integrate the efforts of UN, governmental and non-governmental entities in the context of peacekeeping operations. -Provides guidance and support on military, police, mine action and other relevant issues to other UN political and peace building missions.

5. Organizational structure As of today DFS DPKO DPA Office of Ops Office of Military Affairs Office of the Rule of Law and Security Institutions (OROLSI - addedin 2007 ) Policy Evaluation and Training Div • Office of Ops: Provide political and strategic policy and operational guidance. • OROLSI strengthens the links and coordinates activities with police, justice and corrections, mine action, the DDR of ex-combatants and SSR. • PET Division: Provides an integrated capacity to develop and disseminate policy and doctrine; to develop, coordinate and deliver standardized training; to evaluate mission progress towards mandate implementation; and to develop policies and operational frameworks for strategic cooperation with various UN and external partners. • OMA: Works to deploy the most appropriate military capability in support of UN objectives. Works to enhance performance and improve the efficiency and the effectiveness of mil components in UN Peacekeeping missions.

6. Re-organization of DPKO • DPKO was reorganized in 2005 under the scheme of 'Peace Operations 2010’. It is still continuing under the reforms initiated by the 'Brahimi Report' -Report of the Panel on United Nations Peacekeeping Operations. • Impact of reforms: • -Increase in personnel, • Harmonization of the conditions of service of field and headquarters staff • Development of standard operating procedures (SOP). • Improve on partnership arrangement between the DPKO, UNDP, AU and EU. • Development of clearer internal doctrine or guidance for UN peacekeeping. The highest level DPKO doctrine document was issued in 2008, known as the 'capstone' doctrine. • As of today, 114 countries are contributing troops and the number is 113,766.

7. DPKO Initial days • In the beginning, peacekeepers operated with a clear doctrine that applied to its traditional or classical peacekeeping operations for inter-state ceasefires: peacekeepers did not take sides or discharge firearms, save in self-defense, or meddle in politics. Creation of DPKO • Officially, DPKO was created in 1992 when Boutros Boutros-Ghali took office as UNSG; its creation was one of his 1st decisions. MarrackGouldingbecame USG for peacekeeping with Kofi Annan appointed as his deputy. • The role of the DPKO, however, wasn't clarified until June 1992, when Boutrous-Ghali issued a plan to strengthen the UN's capacity for preventative diplomacy and peacekeeping, entitled 'An Agenda for Peace'.

8. DPKO The Department of Peacekeeping Operations (DPKO) is a department of the United Nations which is charged with the planning, preparation, management and direction of UN peacekeeping operations. History of the DPKO The DPKO traces its roots to 1948 with the creation of the UNMOGIP and UNTSO. Up to late 1980s Peacekeeping missions were operated by six officials in the United Nations Office of Special Political Affairs, which was headed 1st byBrian Urquhart and then MarrackGoulding.

9. Peace-related Terms • Peace Agreement : A formal treaty intended to end or significantly transform violent conflict. • Peace-building : Measures aimed at reducing the risk of lapsing or relapsing into conflict, by strengthening national capacities for conflict management, and laying the foundations for sustainable peace. • Peacekeeping : Action undertaken to preserve peace, however fragile, where fighting has been halted and to assist in implementing agreements achieved by the peacemakers. • Peace Enforcement Coercive action undertaken with the authorization of • the UNSC to maintain or restore international peace and security in situations where the SC has found the existence of a threat to the peace, breach of the peace or act of aggression.

10. Peace Operations Conflict Stages Tools: What is important is to understand which tool is appropriate at what stage of conflict. -Pre-War : Preventive Diplomacy -During War: Diplomatic Peacemaking -Peace-Enforcement Military Action to implement SC mandate -Peacemaking Could be pre-war (political), during war (military/pol) -Post-War Peacekeeping Move from negative to positive peace -Peace Building Intl effort to bring the state Steps 1. Does Peace exist in the place in question ? (the lack of military hostilities) 2. Do the antagonists desire peace and accept the conditions. 3. If yes, then peacekeeping and peace building may be possible at reasonable cost. 4. Peace exists but the desire for peace is questionable, then preventive diplomacy or U.N.-defined peace-enforcement are the applicable tools. 5. Military force is relevant as a condition to facilitate political processes, not as a substitute for them. Military force can act as a precondition for enduring peace (short-term objective); it cannot create such a peace (long-term) 6. When peace does not exist, then peace-enforcement is relevant.

11. Peace Operation- Sequential Activities Action Condition -War has not broken out. -War has been terminated. -Negotiated peace must be seen as preferable to war. Preventive diplomacy, Diplomatic peacemaking ,Peace building. -Combat is ongoing and either or both sides prefers its continuation. Peace-enforcement -Insertion of forces to stop combat may be effective in making the continuation of violence impossible. -Creates the conditions for lasting peace, which involves the politicians to embrace peace as it becomes more attractive than war. -Insertion of outside force may break the cycle of violence and convince the combatants that resistance to the peace enforcers is more painful than compliance to an imposed peace. -The shock effect of outside force may prove to be no more than a respite between rounds of fighting.

12. COMPARISION Peacekeeping or peace enforcing operations depends on existence of peace or war. Peacekeeping: There is peace in place (or at least the absence of war) has been reestablished or a cease-fire is in place. The task before the peacekeepers is to maintain that peace. Welcomed by parties Peace-enforcement: There is war. Some--or possibly both or all--of the combatants prefer the continuation of hostilities to their cessation. Those who see benefit in continuation in war may not like the war to end. Peacekeeper’s task is to cause that war to cease by force. Hostile reception Involve into fight to fulfill the mandate: Needs more troops, offensive nature equipment, more logistic, Costly !

13. Peace-enforcement UNSC will consider following before deciding the enforcement tactics • Have all other nonviolent policy means failed? • Is the political objective we seek to achieve important, clearly defined and understood? • Will military force achieve the objective? Men and material ? • At what cost? Have the gains and risks been analyzed? • How might the situation that we seek to alter, once it is altered by force, develop further, and what might be the consequences?

14. Boutros Ghali(An Agenda for Peace) • Preventive diplomacy, "action to prevent disputes from arising between parties, to prevent existing disputes from escalating into conflicts and to limit the spread of the latter when they occur." Preventive diplomacy, in other words, occurs before conflicting parties come to blows and seeks to avoid military conflict. • Peacemaking: "action to bring hostile parties to agreement, essentially • through peaceful means such as those foreseen in Chapter VI" of the U.N. Charter. These activities, which presumably occur while fighting is ongoing, include the ability to investigate and to make suggestions. (Mediation, such as that conducted by former U.S. Secretary of State Cyrus Vance in Yugoslavia, is an example of peacemaking so defined.) diplomatic peacemaking • Peace-enforcement : Employment of military forces to create a cease-fire between warring parties. It might be designated as military peacemaking, and is clearly more difficult, if more relevant.

15. Peacekeeping • Ghali, "the deployment of a UN presence in the field, hitherto with the consent of all the parties concerned, involving UN military and/or police and civilianspersonnel. Peace-keeping is a technique that expands the possibility for both the prevention of conflict and the making of peace." Comments: Traditional peacekeeping was feasible because two conditions adhered before peacekeepers were inserted: fighting had ceased, and both or all parties preferred the presence of the peacekeepers to their absence (the peacekeepers are invited guests). What happened? -Peacekeepers were lightly armed, -Defensively oriented observer force that physically separated former combatants. -Observed their adherence to the cease-fire while negotiations for peace occurred.

16. Peace Enforcement Peace Enforcement: Coercive action undertaken with the authorization of the UNSC to maintain or restore international peace and security in situations where the SC after analyzing the situation, determined the existence of a threat to the peace, breach of the peace or act of aggression. Peace-enforcement requires (forces are being sent into war to create peace) • Very different forces qualitatively and quantitatively than does peacekeeping. • Peacekeepers should not be placed in a peace-enforcement situation (do not task for which they are unprepared.) Problems: • U.N. Charter's adherence to the "sovereign equality" of its members found in Article 2, Section 1.55 to authorize the use of a peace-enforcement mission may compromise and be seen as abusing the authority of the organization. • It could also be vetoed by its SC permanent member.

17. Peace Operations Since 1948, UN peacekeeping has evolved into one of the main tools used by the international community to manage complex crises that pose a threat to international peace and security. Since the beginning of the new millennium, the number of military, police and civilian personnel deployed in UN peacekeeping operations around the world reached unprecedented levels. Not only has UN peacekeeping grown in size but it has become increasingly complex because from monitoring ceasefires it had moved to multi-dimensional PKO. UN now facilitates the political process through the promotion of national dialogue and reconciliation, protect civilians, assist in the DDRof combatants, support the organization of elections, protect and promote human rights, and assist in restoring the rule of law. Jean MerieGuheno USG: DPKO; 2008

18. Peace ….. The scale and scope were unprecedented. • UNDPKO and the DFShave embarked on a major reform effort, Peace Operations 2010, aimed at strengthening and professionalizing the planning, management and conduct of UN PKO. • Reform was required to ensure that the growing numbers of UN peacekeeping personnel deployed in the field, as well as those serving at Headquarters, have • access to clear, authoritative guidance on the multitude of tasks they are • required to perform. • DPA makes the Policy monitors political developments, DPKO implements the policy in the field (Operational Strategy, Operational plan and Tactical works) and DFS provides the logistic and administrative support. It is an integrated effort. • DPKO coordinate with other UN Agencies, Program and Funds together with World Bank, IMF and donors, INGOs, NGOs and the host nation.

19. Conclusions