The Versailles Treaty & 1920s America: History & Propaganda Analysis

1. What was Wilson’s Fourteen Points? • What was his most important Fourteenth Point? • Why did he compromise on all of his other points and agree to the German Guilt Clause at Versailles • What is constitutionally necessary for all U.S. treaties? • Why does the U.S. Senate not ratify the Versailles Treaty? • Why does Wilson suffer a massive stroke? • Why can it be said that the Versailles Treaty lead to WWII? • What is meant by Isolationism? • Who was Alvin York? • Who was Harry Burns? • Who is Al Roberts? • Who was Ann Dudley? • What is meant by the Perfect 36?

2. How did economic stress cause racial tensions after WWI? • What is meant by the RED SCARE? • Why did 4 million workers strike after WWI? • What were the 2 most famous strikes after WWI? • Who became a national hero because of the Boston Police Strike? • What did owners claim in the Steel Mill strike and why? • What did people realize years later about the steel workers but couldn’t see it at the time? • How was it apparent after WWI that Unions & strikers would not be as successful after the war as before the war & during the war when the government agencies forced recognition of Unions?

3. Foreign Policy Propaganda Assignment • Deceitful, manipulative, persuasive or informative? However you perceive it, propaganda has been used to change the way the world thinks and behaves for thousands of years. • Propaganda can be used effectively to relay positive messages, like health recommendations or encouraging people to vote. Show iPhone propaganda pieces

4. Wilson came home and campaigned for League of Nations on nationwide tour but lost. (Massive stroke) • U.S. SenaterejectedTreaty of Versailles mainly because of League of Nations (U.S. wanted isolationism)(disillusioned why we entered war)

5. THE ROARING TWENTIES LIFE & CULTURE IN AMERICA IN THE 1920S

6. Ku Klux Klan • Colonel William J Simmons • Revived organization in 1915Thanksgiving night in Stone Mt. GA. (“punished Blacks who didn’t know their place, women who practice immorality, & aliens who refused to conform”) • 1922: enrollment 4 million –entered politics & controlled legislatures in TX, OK, OR & IN • Attacks against: (appeal lay in sanctuary it offered to insecure & anxious people) • African Americans, Catholics, Jews, immigrants and others. • By night, whipped, beat and even killed. • Claimed: “a sickly Europe had vomited on America” • Congress did pass Quotas on immigration • By 1927 Klan activity diminished once again.

7. Americans on the Move • Urbanization still accelerating. • More Americans lived in cities than in rural areas • 1920: • New York 5 million • Chicago 3 million

8. Demographical Changes- Great Migration (24:39 Boom story of us) • Migration North- • African Americans moving north at rapid pace. ½ million or more • Why? • Jim Crow laws • New job opportunities in north • 1860 – 93% in south • 1930 – 80% in south Real Time Demographics • Struggles: • Faced hatred from whites • Forced low wages (last hired & 1st fired) (25 race riots 1919)

9. SCIENCE AND RELIGION CLASH • Fundamentalists (religion in everyday life) vs. Secular thinkers – no religion in public life (Rural America v. Urban America) • The Protestant movement - literal interpretation of the Bible is known as fundamentalism - • Fundamentalists found all truth in the Bible – didn’t believe in evolution

10. SCOPES TRIAL • In March 1925, Tennessee passed the nation’s first law that made it a crime to teach evolutionin public school • The ACLU promised to defend any teacher willing to challenge the law – John Scopes did (town recruited him because 1st yr teacher, popular football coach w/ no ties to community or dependents) Scopes was a biology teacher who taught his students that man derived from lower species breaking TN law

11. Dayton

12. SCOPES TRIAL Darrow • The ACLU hired Clarence Darrow, (formed after WWI to defend constitutional rights after passage of Espionage Act) most famous trial lawyer of the era, to defend Scopes • The TN prosecution countered with William Jennings Bryan, the three-time Democratic pres. nominee Bryan

13. SCOPES TRIAL • Trial opened on July 10,1925 and became a national sensation (Urban America v. Rural America) (Trial of the decade) Instead of a trial about a teacher’s right to free speech evolved into how humans came to walk the earth. (Trial about Evolution) • In an unusual move, Darrow called Bryan to the stand as an expert on the Bible – key question: Should the Bible beinterpreted literally? Jonah swallowed by fish & world created in 7 days • Under intense questioning, Bryan said that the bible can be interpreted in different ways • Nonetheless, Scopes was found guilty in 9 min and fined $100 (Scopes never taught again going to get his masters in Geology & shunning the spotlight) Bryan Darrow

14. Bryan died 5 days later still in Dayton – diabetic who ate a large meal & died in sleep • the town of Dayton founded Bryan College, a strong fundamentalist school in his honor. • reenactments are held in Dayton every yr on anniversary • Laws on bans of teaching Evolution weren’t overturned by the Supreme Court until 1967

15. THE TWENTIES WOMAN • After the tumult of World War I, Americans were looking for a little fun in the 1920s. • Women were independent and achieving greater freedoms. • ie. right to vote, more employment Chicago 1926

16. THE FLAPPER • Challenged the traditional ways. Old Victorian styles • Revolution of manners and morals. From Rosie to Flapper • A Flapper was an emancipated young woman who embraced the new fashions and urban attitudes. • Cut hair, raise skirts, smoke, drank, sharp rise in divorces, fewer kids, high school & college education

18. PROHIBITION Prohibition lasted from 1920 to 1933 when it was repealed by the 21stAmendment • One example of the clash between city & farm was the passage of the 18th Amendment in 1920 Wilson vetoed (Urban opposed law & rural supported it) • Launched era known as Prohibition • Made it illegal to make, distribute, sell, transport or consume liquor. • America Story of us: Boom 31:56-35:52

19. Cars were jacked up with faster engines sobootlegger could outrun the law. 1stMuscle Cars so popular stock car racing begins (Nascar) • Rum Row at sea – 100s of ships anchoring at sea 3 miles & selling it to anyone willing to buy from ME to FL • Even use WWI U-boats w/ torpedoes filled w/ alcohol fired on to Long Island beaches • Coast guard patrolling seas from Canada to Caribbean to stop rum runners. • poisonous concoctions of liquor. • brews laced with acids & formaldehyde. - claimed thousands of deaths • After 13 yrs & Murder rate up 80%

20. SPEAKEASIES AND BOOTLEGGERS • Many Americans did not believe drinking was a sin • Most immigrant groups were not willing to give up drinking • To obtain liquor, drinkers went underground to hidden saloons known as speakeasies • 16,000 saloons in New York City alone • People also bought liquor from bootleggerswho smuggled it in from Canada, Cuba and the West IndiesAll of these activities became closely affiliated with … Speakeasies

21. ORGANIZED CRIME • Prohibition contributed to the growth of organized crime in every major city • Al Capone – • Chicago, Illinois • famous bootlegger • “Scarface” & most famous St. Valentines Day Massacre to kill competition (turning point in enforcement) • 60 million yr (bootleg alone) • Capone took control of the Chicago liquor business by killing off his competition • Talent for avoiding jail • 1931 sent to prison for tax-evasion. (new income tax 1913 amendment 16)(because couldn’t get him on murder –always had alibi Al Capone was finally convicted on tax evasion charges in 1931- America story of us boom 35:52-to end

22. Racketeering • Illegal business scheme to make profit. (prohibition fueled this activity) • Gangsters bribed police or gov’t officials. ($1,800 a yr fed agent pd but $500 a day for calling in sick or ignoring activity) • Mob Forced local businesses a fee for “protection”. • If you didn’t pay - No fee - gunned down or businesses blown to bits

23. GOVERNMENT FAILS TO CONTROL LIQUOR • Prohibition failed: • Why? Government did not budget enough money to enforce the law • The task of enforcing Prohibition fell to 1,500 poorly paid federal agents --- clearly an impossible task! • Feds only able to apprehend 5% of illegal booze • The idea of legislating morality w/ prohibition didn’t work Federal agents pour wine down a sewer

24. SUPPORT FADES, PROHIBITION REPEALED • By the mid-1920s, only 19% of Americans supported Prohibition • Many felt Prohibition caused more problems than it solved • the crime rate shot past the all-time high and created the highest homicide rate of the early 20th century • Apart from not getting rid of crime, Prohibition encouraged criminals to become more organized, thus creating more gangs. • The 21st Amendment finally repealed Prohibition in 1933 (13yrs) during Great Depression so govt could make profits instead of criminals

25. What was the Comintern that helped cause the Red Scare? • What other events led to the Red Scare of 1919? • Who was A. Mitchell Palmer and how did he try to get the hysteria of the Red Scare? • Red Summer of 1919? • New enemies of Ku Klux Klan? Why do they re-emerge & grow to #s in the millions? • What was the Harlem Renaissance & how did it come about? • Who was the most famous Harlem Renaissance writer of the time? & what did he write about? • Who were the most prominent African American leaders of the 1920s? • What was W.E.B. DuBois advocating for African Americans? • What was Marcus Garvey advocating? • Founded Universal Negro Improvement Association/Founded Black Nationalism

26. Fundamentalist? • Secular thinker? • Theory of Evolution? • TN Law of 1925? • ACLU who are they and why were they created? • Dayton, TN & the TN law? • John Scopes? • Lawyers in the trial? • Why was the trial such a national sensation & why? • What was Darrow’s trial strategy about Scope’s guilt? • Why did Darrow call Bryan to the stand & why was this odd? • What happened while Bryan was on the witness stand for 2 hrs? • Outcome of the trial? • Charles Lindbergh & his advancements in aviation? • Babe Ruth? • Women of the 20’s –How did they change? & what were they called? • Why was prohibition passed w/ the 18th amendment?