L-19 lingua e traduzione inglese Study skills

1. L-19 lingua e traduzione ingleseStudy skills

2. Study skills • How to practise pronunciation • How to practice numbers • How to learn vocabulary • Learning English online • How to use a bilingual dictionary

3. Part 1 Howtopractisepronunciation

4. The sounds of English • These are the sounds that Italian doesn’t have • The short vowels ɪ, ʌ andə these correspond to short “i”, “u” and “er” • The long vowels ɑː, ɜːandɔː these correspond to long “ar”, “ir” and “or” • The diphthongs eə, ɪə andʊə,plus eʊ andaʊ • The interdentals ɵand ð • both are written as “th” • The aspirate h

5. English vowels - 1 • Topronounce the short vowels, it’s best ifyoupretendtheyaren’t there at all. • keepthemnear the frontofyourmouth • keepyourlipsclosed /ɪ/is the unstressedpronunciationof “i” big [bg] difficult [dffcult] info. [nfo] /ʌ/is the unstressedpronunciationof “u” cup [kp]undergraduate [nd’graduat] button [bttn] /ə/isanunstressed, neutralvowel computer [computr] under [nd’] vinegar [vn’g’]

6. English vowels - 2 • To pronounce the long vowels… • keep them back in your throat • keep your mouth open and rounded /ɑː/is the long, stressed pronunciation of “ar” car [kaar] almond [aamnd] parliament [paalamnt] /ɜː/is the long, stressed pronunciation of “ir” bird [biiird] Berlusconi [Biiirlskeuni]early [iirli] /ɔː/ is the long, stressed pronunciation of “or” order [oordr] thought [thoort] Lord [loord]

7. English vowels - 3 • To pronounce the diphthongs… • Slide from the first vowel to the second one • Diphthongs are often produced when “e” follows another vowel after a consonant (VCV) /eə/ hair – hare /heər/ /ɪə/ hear - here/hɪər/ … /ʊə/ tourist, Europe /eʊ/ phone, comb, blow /aʊ/ house, loud, outrageous

8. English consonants - 1 • To pronounce “h”, … /h/is an (unvoiced) aspirate. That means you have to breathe out but not use your vocal chords. • Take a deep breath then breath out heavily. • Half-way through your out-breath, start pronouncing the next letter(s) half ahead alcohol his’n’hers • Do not confuse /h/ with the glottal stop /ˀ/, which you often hear before a vowel at the start of a word air /ˀeər/ it /ɪt/ eat /ɪːt/ hair /heər/ hit /hɪt/ heat /hɪːt/

9. English consonants - 2 • Pronouncing “th” … /ð/ and/ɵ/are interdentals. That means you have to put something between your teeth. • That something is your tongue. • Hold the tip of your tongue (4-5mm) between your teeth. • As you breathe out, pull your tongue back into your mouth. / ð /is the voiced sound (your vocal chords vibrate) Then their father asked them to join him there /ɵ/is the unvoiced pronunciation (no sound, just air) Think of a thin man having his thirtieth birthday on a Thursday

10. English consonants - 3 • Technical stuff: voiced and unvoiced sounds • If a sound is voiced, your vocal chords vibrate when you say it • If a sound is unvoiced, your vocal chords do not vibrate, and only air comes out / ð /is the voiced pronunciation of th Then their father asked them to join him there /ɵ/is the unvoiced pronunciation of th Think of a thin man having his thirtieth birthday on a Thursday

11. English consonants - 4 • Voiced and unvoiced sounds • To check if your vocal chords are vibrating, rest your hand against your throat when you say a sound • Compare...

12. Practising pronunciation 1 • The best way topractisepronunciationistospeakaloud… • To a native speaker • To a friend whoisalsostudying English • Toyourself (whennobody else islistening) • Alternatively, you can singalongtoyourfavourite English songs • Download the lyrics and memorisethem • Sing in the shower and impressyourflatmates

13. Practising pronunciation 2 • A more techy way topractisepronunciationisto record yourself… • Download the freeware programAudacityfromhttp://audacity.sourceforge.net/?lang=it • Readwords, sentences or evenwholetextsaloudwhileyou’re recording, thenlisten back • You can edityour audio • You can editanexisting audio file and create yourown “listen and repeat” exercises • You can even create yourown English podcast

14. Part 2 Howtopracticenumbers

15. Numbers and numbering 1 • Youknowthatyouknowyournumbers, so why can youneverrememberthem? • Learningnumbersinvolves “dual processing” • First youlearn the quantity in the real world • Thenyoulearn a word (sound) forit • Thenyoulearntoread the symbol (number) • Thenyousee the symbol in an English text … …andyouhavetotranslate the symbolinto the Italian word thentranslate the Italian word into the English word

16. Numbers and numbering 2 • Most people learnnumbers in sequence • Theythenfinditdifficulttoremember the wordswithoutsaying the wholesequence. • For “6”, theythink, “one-two-three-four-five-SIX” • Don’tlearnnumbers (or daysof the week, or monthsof the year) in sequence: separate them. • Howold are you? • Whenwereyouborn? • How long haveyoulived in Macerata? • Howmanybrothers and sistershaveyougot?

17. How to practise numbers 1 • The only way to become fluent with numbers is to force yourself to use them • Every time you see a number, try to read it using English words • The best way to practise numbers is to translate every number you see…

18. How to practise numbers 2 House numbers Carregistrationplates Road signs Phone numbers Bus numbers

19. Complicated numbers • Numbers don’t alwaystranslate the same way. • Cardinal numbers (1-2-3-4…) sometimes alternate withordinalnumbers(1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th…) • il quindici febbraio  the fifteenthoffebruary • millenovecento sessant’otto  nineteensixty-eight • Chiama lo zero cinquant’uno  call O fiveone, settant’uno ottanta tredici sixoneeight, O onethree • And theyhavedifferent cultural values • 13 isunlucky, especiallyFriday 13th. 17 has no meaning. • 3 and 7 are luckynumbers – 7 is a magicnumber

20. Part 3 HOW TO LEARN VOCABULARY

21. How to learn vocabulary 1 • To learn vocabulary well, you have to • Record • write the word / phrase • Remember • memorise the word / phrase • Recycle • use the / phrase when you write or speak

22. How to learn vocabulary 2 • When you record a new word/ phrase, remember to • Write the word • Note what kind of word it is (noun, verb, preposition…) • Note its pronunciation • Write a short sentence using the word/phrase in context • If you include a translation, it is best to translate the short sentence, not the single word/ phrase recall (v) /rɪˈkɔːl/ I don’t recall speaking to him non mi ricordodiavergliparlato • You can download a vocabulary calendar from http://www.oup.com/elt/englishfile/

23. How to learn vocabulary 3 • When you remember a new word/ phrase, make associations: • Semantic associations • Words with similar meanings • Lexical associations • Words which look similar • Phonetic associations • Words which sound similar • Pragmatic associations • Words which are used in similar situations

24. Spider grams and mind maps How to learn vocabulary 4

25. How to learn vocabulary 5 ROOF • Lexical associations DOOR WINDOW GARDEN TREE

26. How to learn vocabulary 6 • Phonetic associations ! Be careful with false friends

27. How to learn vocabulary 7 • Pragmatic associations

28. How to learn vocabulary 8 • When you recycle vocabulary, you remember it by using it. • Passive recycling happens when you read or listen. • This includes multiple-choice exercises • Active recycling happens when you speak or write. • This includes fill-in and re-order exercises. In English, we say: “use it or lose it” You have been warned…

29. Part 4 LEARNing ENGLISH ONLINE

30. Online English 1 • There are hundreds of English language learning sites on the web. • Most of them are rubbish. • In this lesson we look at the best ones for... • Reference • Self-correcting exercises (grammar and vocabulary practice) • Listening • Reading • Language quizzes and games

31. Online English 2 • Reference • Some dictionaries are available free online • The best bilingual is Oxford-Paravia www.oxfordparavia.it • The best monolingual is Macmillan www.macmillandictionary.com • A complete listing of online English and English-Italian dictionaries (with links) is available from http://ingleseb1.pbworks.com

32. Online English 3 • Self-correcting exercises (grammar/vocab) • Some textbooks have websites for language practice. The best are: • New English File http://www.oup.com/elt/englishfile/ • New Headwayhttp://www.oup.com/elt/headway/ • Use the Elementary exercises for revision • Use the Pre-intermediate exercises to maintain your current level • Use the Intermediate exercises to improve

33. Online English 4 Listening • There are lots of sites with English audio: most are terrible. The best is BBC Learning English http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish/ • You can download mp3 audio,with a pdf transcript, and see a glossary of difficult words (with audio files) • Six-minute English mini-documentaries on a range of topics • The Flatmates – colloquial and informal English conversations • You can also try the British Council’s website http://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/en/listen-and-watch

34. Online English 5 Reading • There are lots of ready-made reading comprehension exercises (with answers) available online • Try the e-lessons on the Macmillan Global website http://www.macmillanglobal.com/ • For recent news stories, with a glossary for the difficult words, go to this BBC Learning English site http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish/language/wordsinthenews/ • If you want information without exercises, go to Wikipedia... In English http://en.wikipedia.org/

35. Online English 6 • Language learning can also be fun, you know. • A range of quizzes and games are available on academic and publishers’ websites. • New English File http://www.oup.com/elt/englishfileand New Headway http://www.oup.com/elt/headway/have crosswords and word searches (Vocabulary), plus animated games • There are games and quizzes here http://a4esl.org/q/h/including a nice hangman (l’impiccato) game

36. Part 5 How to use a bilingual dictionary

37. How to use a bilingual dictionary • Everybody has a bilingual dictionary, but do you know how use it properly? • This lesson will show you how to find the right word(s) for your meaning, in terms of • Grammar • Register • Context • Phrases • Example sentences

38. How to use a bilingual dictionary • The dictionary we are using for this exercise is Rizzoli-Larousse Dizionario Compatto • This is a small (compact) bilingualdictionary suitable for learnersup to about B1 level. • It has a special “guida alla comunicazione” section in themiddle with help for speakingand writing

39. How to use a bilingual dictionary Other good dictionaries for B1 level are:

40. How to use a bilingual dictionary • For this section, you need to download a worksheet and sample dictionary pages. • You can find these in the same place as you found this file! • Pagina Docente Prof. Philip  Lingua e traduzione inglese 2010-2011 • The slides in this file help you complete all the tasks on the worksheet.

41. How to use a bilingual dictionary 1.1 Pronunciation: stress Word stress isindicatedbythesesymbols • /ˈ/(main stress) and • /ˌ/(secondary stress) Ifthereis no symbol, the word hasonly 1 syllable

42. How to use a bilingual dictionary 1.1 Pronunciation: stress

43. How to use a bilingual dictionary 1.2 Sounds and symbols The three pronunciations for “li…” are • /lɪ/ • /liː/ • /laɪ/

44. How to use a bilingual dictionary 1.2 Sounds and symbols The three pronunciations for “li…” are • /lɪ/ • /liː/ • /laɪ/

45. How to use a bilingual dictionary 2.1 Parts of Speech prep-- vt-- n--

46. How to use a bilingual dictionary 2.2 Types of verb

47. How to use a bilingual dictionary 3.1 Sense divisions

48. 3.2 Language variety How to use a bilingual dictionary

49. How to use a bilingual dictionary 3.3 Register of use

50. How to use a bilingual dictionary 3.4 Domains of use