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Using molecular approaches to identify biodiversity attributes in the North American aridlands

Using molecular approaches to identify biodiversity attributes in the North American aridlands. Brett R. Riddle University of Nevada Las Vegas. Biodiversity why Molecular ?. Conference on Molecular Biodiversity March 2004 DanBIF Danish Biodiversity Information Facility. Molecular (genes)

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Using molecular approaches to identify biodiversity attributes in the North American aridlands

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  1. Using molecular approachesto identify biodiversity attributesin theNorth American aridlands Brett R. Riddle University of Nevada Las Vegas

  2. Biodiversity why Molecular?

  3. Conference onMolecular BiodiversityMarch 2004 DanBIFDanish Biodiversity Information Facility

  4. Molecular (genes) • DNA • RNA • proteins • Organismal (species) • distribution • phylogeny • identification Biodiversity • Ecological (ecosystem) • composition • structure • function

  5. molecular biodiversity: several objectives • Intrinsic interest in biodiversity at the molecular level • genomics • proteomics • etc.

  6. molecular biodiversity: several objectives • Intraspecific population structure • genetic diversity • gene flow

  7. molecular biodiversity: several objectives • Molecular identification of ESUs and species • DNA taxonomy • DNA bar-coding

  8. molecular biodiversity: several objectives • Molecular phylogeny • ESUs • species • higher taxa

  9. molecular biodiversity: several objectives • Molecular phylogeography and biogeography • geography of speciation • evolution of biotas • historical responses of species and biotas to • ecological changes

  10. Most definitions of biodiversity • have at least these 3 components: • genetic diversity • species diversity • ecosystem diversity

  11. More complex and realistic concepts of biodiversity integrate patterns and processes across hierarchies: STRUCTURAL COMPOSITIONAL landscapes landscapes genes landscapes FUNCTIONAL e.g., Noss’s conceptual framework

  12. Biodiversity issues at smaller (local) scales: • characterizing population genetic structures • characterizing and mapping evolutionarily significant units (ESUs) and species • prioritizing and managing populations, ESUs, species, and habitats with high value

  13. Biodiversity issues at larger (regional) scales: • assessing distribution and evolution of • ESUs and species • biotas • prioritizing hot spots of • endemism • rarity • complementarity • phylogenetic diversity (PD) • predicting responses to • habitat fragmentation and loss • global climate change

  14. Biodiversity at smaller (local) scales • DNA sequencing •  mitochondrial DNA •  nuclear DNA • microsatellites • SNPs molecular approaches Biodiversity at larger (regional) scales

  15. Population, species, and biotic histories and futures at regional and larger scales—why does it matter? *

  16. Links between biodiversity management at smaller local scales and understanding biodiversitypatterns and processes at: Spatially large scales regional to continental Temporally broad scales millions to thousands of years

  17. Comparative phylogeography, biogeography, and biodiversity in the warm deserts of northwestern Mexico and the southwestern USA

  18. North American warm deserts

  19. The geography of speciation and assembly of biotas in the warm deserts of North America Chaetodipus coarse-haired pocket mice Dipodomys merriami species group Merriam’s kangaroo rat and related species Peromyscus eremicus species group cactus mouse and related species Ammospermophilus antelope ground squirrels Bufo punctatus red spotted toad

  20. Chaetodipus baileyi Bailey’s pocket mouse Dr. L.G. Ingles

  21. Chaetodipus arenarius Little desert pocket mouse Dr. L.G. Ingles

  22. merriami margaritae insularis Dipdomys merriami group Merriam’s kangaroo rat group Dr. L.G. Ingles

  23. Peromyscus eremicus group Cactus, Eva’s, Merriam’s mice eremicus eva merriami W.W. Goodpaster

  24. Ammospermophilus spp. Antelope ground squirrels leucurus group harrisii intrepres G and B Corsi

  25. Bufo punctatus Red-spotted toad J. V. Vindum

  26. Historical biogeographic approaches(Crisci 2000) • Center of origin and dispersal • Panbiogeography • Phylogenetic biogeography • Ancestral areas • Cladistic biogeography • Event-based methods (DIVA) • Phylogeography • Parsimony analysis of endemicity • Experimental biogeography

  27. Why phylogeography? “…the geographic distributions of genealogical lineages, especially those within and among closely relatedspecies” (Avise, 2000)

  28. Why phylogeography? • Microevolutionary disciplines • demography • population genetics Phylogeography • Macroevolutionary disciplines • phylogenetic biology • historical biogeography redrawn from Avise 2000

  29. Earth history in western North America • mountain building, rifting, etc. (many millions of years) • to • climatic oscillations • (several million to a few thousand years) 10 millions of years ago 6 2 0

  30. Biotic responses to complex earth history are diverse and include: Several modes of Speciation Extinction Jump dispersal Geo-dispersal Range shifts

  31. Earth history is long and complex • Many opportunities for: • dispersal • vicariance • extinction • range shifting 10 mya 6 2 0

  32. Why phylogeography? sampling multiple individuals to delineate evolutionary lineages (phylogroups / ESUs) sampling multiple localities to delineate geographic distributions * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

  33. This sampling strategy often: • Reveals cryptic (hidden)species or • evolutionary lineages • Reveals cryptic (hidden) biogeographic structure • Examples…

  34. Chaetodipus baileyi group Bailey’s pocket mouse 70 rudinoris Peninsular North 100 99 rudinoris Peninsular South 100 96 baileyi Continental West

  35. Chaetodipus arenarius Little desert pocket mouse 58 arenarius Peninsular North 100 arenarius Peninsular South 100 100 arenarius Cape Region

  36. Dipdomys merriami group Merriam’s kangaroo rat group 67 merriami Peninsular North + Continental West & East 81 98 95 100 merriami + insularis+ margaritae Peninsular South

  37. Peromyscus eremicus group Cactus mouse group 68 merriami Continental West 58 100 eremicus Continental West 100 99 eremicus Continental East 98 fraterculus Peninsular North 99 eva Peninsular South 99

  38. Ammospermophilus spp. Antelope ground squirrels interpres Continental East 94 leucurus + harrisii Peninsular North + Continental West 98 80 leucurus + insularis Peninsular South 100

  39. Bufo punctatus Red-spotted toad 100 punctatus Continental East punctatus Peninsular 100 100 punctatus Continental West

  40. Traditional historical (cladistic) biogeography search for recurring patterns in co-distributed taxa summary area history + independent taxon histories = vicariant events +

  41. 2 recurring patterns suggest a history of vicariance involving the Baja California peninsular biota…

  42. 1. sister-taxa in Peninsular and Continental deserts Peromyscus eremicus group Chaetodipus baileyi Bufo punctatus

  43. 2. sister-taxa in Southern Peninsular and Northern Peninsular (+ Sonoran) deserts Ammospermophilus leucurus Peromyscus eremicus group Chaetodipus baileyi group Chaetodipus arenarius Dipodomys merriami group

  44. Recurring patterns suggest a history of vicariance: Any evidence for vicariant events in the earth history record? YES example: evolution of Baja California peninsula

  45. Peninsular Vicariance Model (Grismer 94; Upton & Murphy 97) SMV = Southern Miocene Vicariance ILPPV = Isthmus of La Paz Pliocene Vicariance NPV = Northern Pliocene Vicariance VzPtV = Vizcaino Pleistocene Vicariance NPV VzPtV SMV ILPPV SMV 5.5 Ma >5.5 Ma <1.6 Ma present 3 Ma 4 Ma

  46. A partial model of Vicariance across Peninsular and Continental deserts… NPV Northern Pliocene Vicariance VzPtV Vizcaino Pleistocene Vicariance ILPPV Isthmus of La Paz Pliocene Vicariance

  47. Does this model have predictive power? Birds

  48. Does this model have predictive power? Reptiles

  49. Does this model have predictive power? Invertebrates

  50. Does this model have predictive power? Plants

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