Alister McGrath, Christian Theology: An Introduction

1. Alister McGrath, Christian Theology: An Introduction Chapter 3: The Age of Reformation, c.1500-c.1750 Wiley-Blackwell 2010

2. Introducing the Reformation • Formation of Protestant churches in western Europe • Renewal and reform of the Catholic church • Expansion of western Christianity • Reformation - or Reformations? • Protestant Reformation • Catholic Reformation (Counter-Reformation) • Radical Reformation • Second Reformation Wiley-Blackwell 2010

3. The Dynamics of Reformation • Six meanings of the term • The German Reformation (Lutheranism) • The Swiss Reformation (Calvinism; Reformed) • The radical Reformation (Anabaptism) • The English Reformation (Anglicanism) • The Catholic Reformation (Counter-Reformation) • The Second Reformation (within Protestantism) • The German Reformation: Lutheranism • Martin Luther (1483-1546) • “Ninety-five Theses” • Lutheran Reformation, 1522 • From academic reform to reform of church and society Wiley-Blackwell 2010

4. The Swiss Reformation: the Reformed church • Huldrych Zwingli (1484-1531) and Heinrich Bullinger (1504-75) • John Calvin (1509-64) • Calvinism and Reformed theology • The radical Reformation: Anabaptism • “rebaptizers” • Conrad Grebel (c.1498-1526) • Radical sola scriptura principles • Common elements • Distrust of external authority • Rejection of infant baptism • Common ownership of property • Pacifism and nonresistance Wiley-Blackwell 2010

5. The English Reformation: Anglicanism • Henry VIII (1491-1547) • Thomas Cranmer (1489-1556), archbishop of Canterbury • Edward VI (1537-53) • Mary Tudor (1516-58) • Elizabeth I (1533-1603) and the Elizabethan Settlement • The Catholic Reformation • Council of Trent (1545) • Reaction and internal reform • The Second Reformation: Confessionalization • Confessions of Faith • New concern for method • Society of Jesus (founded 1534) • Period of orthodoxy (1559-1622) • A new concern for theological method • The development of works of systematic theology Wiley-Blackwell 2010

6. Post-Reformation Movements • The consolidation of Catholicism • The Council of Trent (1545-63) • Correction of problems (abuse, corruption) • Defined and defended controversial Catholic teachings • Continuity with patristic writers and apostolic teaching • Marguerin de la Bigne’s Library of the Fathers, 1575 • Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet, History of the Variations of the Protestant Churches • Molinism • Jansenism Wiley-Blackwell 2010

7. Puritanism • Version of Reformed theology • Experiential and pastoral aspects of faith • Richard Baxter (1615-91) • Jonathan Edwards (1703-58) • Pietism • Christian doctrine in everyday Christian life • Philip Jakob Spener’s Pious Wishes (Pia Desideria), 1675 • Nikolaus Ludwig Graf von Zinzendorf (1700-60) • A religion of the heart; a living faith • John Wesley (1703-91) • Methodist movement Wiley-Blackwell 2010

8. The Copernican and Galilean Controversies • Nicolas Copernicus (1473-1543) • Heliocentric model (Copernican revolution) • Question of interpretation of Scripture • Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) • Defense of the Copernican theory • Official papal condemnation • The “proper meaning” of the words of Scripture • Innovative interpretations of Scripture deemed wrong Wiley-Blackwell 2010

9. Key Theologians • Martin Luther (1483-1546) • Appeal to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation • The Babylonian Captivity of the Christian Church • The Liberty of a Christian • Huldrych Zwingli (1484-1531) • Eucharist as memorial of Christ’s death • John Calvin (1509-64) • Institutes of the Christian Religion • Teresa of Avila (1515-82) • Mystical theology • The Interior Castle of the Soul • “doctor of the church” Wiley-Blackwell 2010

10. Theodore Beza (1519-1605) • Theological Treatises (Reformed theology and Aristotelian logic) • Roberto Bellarmine (1542-1621) • Disputations Concerning the Controversies of the Christian Faith • Johann Gerhard (1582-1637) • Theological Commonplaces (systematic presentation of Lutheran theology) • Jonathan Edwards (1703-58) • America’s first great theologian • The “Great Awakening” Wiley-Blackwell 2010

11. Key Theological Developments • The sources of theology • Sola scriptura • Beliefs must be grounded in Scripture • Public status of Scripture within the church • Council of Trent: Scripture and tradition • The doctrine of grace • By faith alone (sola fide) • Justification and predestination • The doctrine of the sacraments • Outward signs of God’s invisible grace • The doctrine of the church • Martin Bucer and John Calvin Wiley-Blackwell 2010

12. Developments in Theological Literature • The catechisms • Luther’s “Greater Catechism” • Luther’s “Lesser Catechism” • Geneva Catechism • Heidelberg Catechism • Catholic catechisms • Confessions of faith • Three levels of authority • Scripture • Creeds • Confessions • Works of systematic theology • Philip Melanchthon, Loci communes (Commonplaces) • John Calvin, Institutes of the Christian Religion • Melchior Cano, Theological Commonplaces • Roberto Bellarmine, Disputations Concerning the Controversies of the Christian Faith Against the Heretics of this Age Wiley-Blackwell 2010