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Ezra Pound. Ezra Pound AND Imagism. Ezra Pound. The man who shaped Modernism!. Pound’s Biography (Encyclopedia Britannica).
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Ezra Pound Ezra PoundANDImagism
Ezra Pound • The man who shaped Modernism!
Pound’s Biography(Encyclopedia Britannica) • Ezra Pound, in full Ezra Loomis Pound (born Oct. 30, 1885, Hailey,Idaho, U.S.—died Nov. 1, 1972, Venice, Italy), American poet and critic, a supremely discerning and energetic entrepreneur of the arts who did more than any other single figure to advance a “modern” movement in English and American literature. Pound promoted, and also occasionally helped to shape, the work of such widely different poets and novelists as William Butler Yeats,James Joyce, Ernest Hemingway, Robert Frost, D.H. Lawrence, and T.S. Eliot. His pro-Fascist broadcasts in Italy during World War II led to his postwar arrest and confinement until 1958.
Pound’s Biography(Encyclopedia Britannica) • In the autumn of 1907, Pound became professor of Romance languages at Wabash Presbyterian College, Crawfordsville, Ind. Although his general behaviour fairly reflected his Presbyterian upbringing, he was already writing poetry and was affecting a bohemian manner. His career came quickly to an end, and in February 1908, with light luggage and the manuscript of a book of poems that had been rejected by at least one American publisher, he set sail for Europe.
Pound’s Biography(Encyclopedia Britannica) • Pound was born in a small mining town in Idaho, the only child of a Federal Land Office official, Homer Loomis Pound of Wisconsin, and Isabel Weston of New York City. About 1887 the family moved to the eastern states, and in June 1889, following Homer Pound’s appointment to the U.S. Mint in Philadelphia, they settled in nearby Wyncote, where Pound lived a normal middle-class childhood. • After two years at Cheltenham Military Academy, which he left without graduating, he attended a local high school. From there he went for two years (1901–03) to the University of Pennsylvania, where he met his lifelong friend, the poet William Carlos Williams. He took a Ph.B. (bachelor of philosophy) degree atHamilton College, Clinton, N.Y., in 1905 and returned to the University of Pennsylvania for graduate work. He received his M.A. in June 1906 but withdrew from the university after working one more year toward his doctorate. He left with a knowledge of Latin, Greek, French, Italian, German, Spanish, Provençal, and Anglo-Saxon, as well as of English literature and grammar.
Pound’s Biography(Encyclopedia Britannica) • He had been to Europe three times before, the third time alone in the summer of 1906, when he had gathered the material for his first three published articles: Raphaelite Latin, concerning the Latin poets of the Renaissance, and Interesting French Publications, concerning the troubadours (both published in the Book News Monthly, Philadelphia, September 1906), and Burgos, a Dream City of Old Castile (October issue).
Pound’s Biography(Encyclopedia Britannica) • Now, with little money, he sailed to Gibraltar and southern Spain, then on to Venice, where in June 1908 he published, at his own expense, his first book of poems, A lume spento. About September 1908 he went to London, where he was befriended by the writer and editor Ford Madox Ford (who published him in his English Review), entered William Butler Yeats’s circle, and joined the “school of images,” a modern group presided over by the philosopher T.E. Hulme.
Pound’s Biography(Encyclopedia Britannica) • In England, success came quickly to Pound. A book of poems, Personae, was published in April 1909; a second book, Exultations, followed in October; and a third book, The Spirit of Romance, based on lectures delivered in London (1909–10), was published in 1910. • After a trip home—a last desperate and unsuccessful attempt to make a literary life for himself in Philadelphia or New York City—he returned to Europe in February 1911, visiting Italy, Germany, and France. Toward the end of 1911 he met an English journalist, Alfred R. Orage, editor of the socialist weekly New Age, who opened its pages to him and provided him with a small but regular income during the next nine years.
Pound’s Biography(Encyclopedia Britannica) • In 1912 Pound became London correspondent for the small magazine Poetry (Chicago); he did much to enhance the magazine’s importance and was soon a dominant figure in Anglo-American verse. He was among the first to recognize and review the poetry of Robert Frost and D.H. Lawrence and to praise the sculpture of the modernists Jacob Epstein and Henri Gaudier-Brzeska. As leader of the Imagistmovement of 1912–14, successor of the “school of images,” he drew up the first Imagist manifesto, with its emphasis on direct and sparse language and precise images in poetry, and he edited the first Imagist anthology, Des Imagistes (1914).
Pound’s Biography(Encyclopedia Britannica) • A shaper of modern literature • Though his friend Yeats had already become famous, Pound succeeded in persuading him to adopt a new, leaner style of poetic composition. In 1914, the year of his marriage to Dorothy Shakespear, daughter of Yeats’s friend Olivia Shakespear, he began a collaboration with the then-unknown James Joyce. As unofficial editor of The Egoist (London) and later as London editor of The Little Review (New York City), he saw to the publication of Joyce’s novels Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man and Ulysses, thus spreading Joyce’s name and securing financial assistance for him. In that same year he gave T.S. Eliot a similar start in his career as poet and critic.
Pound’s Biography(Encyclopedia Britannica) • He continued to publish his own poetry (Ripostes, 1912; Lustra, 1916) and prose criticism (Pavannes and Divisions, 1918). From the literary remains of the great Orientalist Ernest Fenollosa, which had been presented to Pound in 1913, he succeeded in publishing highly acclaimed English versions of early Chinese poetry, Cathay (1915), and two volumes of Japanese Noh plays (1916–17) as well.
Contributions to Modernist Poetry • More than any other writer, he was responsible for dramatic changes occurring with poetry. • Urged writers to “make it new” • Influenced other writers to discard traditional forms, techniques, and ideas • Experimented with new approaches • His movement was called IMAGISM
Poetry in Pictures Imagist poets focused their writing on simple images. They attempted to use words to paint pictures in their readers’ minds.
What is Imagism? • A poetic movement established in1912 by American and English poets Ezra Pound, Hilda Doolittle, Richard Aldington, and F. S. Flint • Inspired by the critical views of T.E. Hulme, in response to the careless thought and Romantic optimism he saw prevailing in the literary arena.
Led by Ezra Pound, this poetic movement was part of a poetic insurgence against genteel poetry, which was overly sentimental and emotionally dishonest. • Imagist poets believed that Romantic art was oveexcessively subjective, and argued for a renewed emphasis on the object-like nature of the art-work. • Imagists penned concise verses with dry piercing clarity, exacting visual images and imagery.
Imagism • Poetry written that evokes pictures or images for the reader • Direct presentation of images, or word pictures • Word choice is specific • Adjectives are used to enhance the specificity of word choice, BUT they are not over-used. • Attempt to freeze a single moment in time and capture the emotions of that moment • Imagist poetry often reflect influences of haiku or tanka
Pound’s Poetry • His poetry reflects a deep interest in the past, particularly of ancient cultures • Chinese, Japanese, and Provencal French • Poems are filled with literary and historical allusions • His poems are difficult to understand because they are void of explanations and generalizations • Wrote The Cantos, long poetic sequence where he expressed his beliefs (eventually totaling 116 cantos)
Influences on Imagism Imagist poems were influenced by Japanese haiku poems of seventeen syllables which usually present only two juxtaposed images. This poetry strives to suggests more than its literal meaning, yet avoids overt figurative devices like allegories and metaphors. Ezra Pound’s poem “In a Station of the Metro” is a clear example of Japanese influence. Pound states, “I wrote a thirty-line poem, and destroyed it because it was what we call work 'of second intensity.'“ Six months later I made a poem half that length; a year later I made the following hokku-like sentence:— “The apparition of these faces in the crowd; Petals on a wet, black bough.”
Allusion • An allusion is a reference to something well known (ie: piece of art, literature, historical event)
"In A Station of the Metro" • In this poem the poet intends the reader to understand that the faces seen in a subway station are like wet, fallen flower petals on a bough. However, the poet also wants to deepen the reader's perception. This Pound accomplishes by the word that appears at the head of the poem: 'apparition'. In this single word Pound - displaying his Modernist credentials - allies himself with the tradition in western poetry of comparing souls to fallen leaves. These people may have been observed in a subway station, but the reader is meant to perceive them as figurative spirits of the dead - a standard Modernist allusion.
"In A Station of the Metro" • There are no verbs in this poem, making it only a juxtaposition of two images. I use that word, juxtaposition, not to be pretentious but to convey a sense of visual placement, as if the poet were a painter and these images are visibly beside each other as if in a painting. The semicolon is an interesting choice. Given that Pound described this poem as an equation, and that the semicolon can be used to (somewhat paradoxically) link related, independent clauses, it functions as an equal sign, providing two ways of expressing a similar thing. Whereas 2 + 2 and 4 are figures or symbols that express the same "quantity," the "apparition of these faces in the crowd" and "petals on a wet, black bough" express a similar "quality."
