Integrative Solutions Group, Ottawa, Canada

1. Integrative Solutions Group, Ottawa, Canada Woytek Kujawski, Ph.D. Arch, MRAIC, LEED AP, iiSBE Can Buildings Save And Improve Municipal Infrastructure?

2. MOTTO: Infrastructure is what makes us able to maintain modern and functioning societies.

3. The REASONS • Infrastructureplays an essential role in the global economies and its health should be of critical interest to architects and urbanists. • “To support projected economic growth up to 2030, theglobal infrastructure investment would need to reach approx$65-75 billion over the next 11 years.“ (based on the free interpolation of 2013 data) • Canada alone had a $500 milliard (metric) infrastructuregap in 2016 that has only increased since. • After McKinsey & Company That’s frightening!

4. THE TROUBLE • we may be designing infrastructure for the last century rather than the next. • Urban planners AND architects are just one of many agents of change in a complex system”. • "Cities happen to be problems in organized complexity” (J. Jacobs and F. Grammenos) • We should focus on creatingsmart, sustainable and resilient infrastructurethat is smaller, less expensive and more decentralized.

5. The NEED • The architecture has an important role to play: • "The building is the natural building block in smart cities." • (G. Newsham -NRC, Ottawa) • Rather than focusing on massive megastructures, architects need to explore what will happen when communities • generate more energy than they consume • purify more water than they pollute • recycle more waste (other sources) than they produce • grow more food than they need • sequester more carbon than they emit.

6. Site and climate Economic conditions Built form Community Social conditions Infrastructure Environm. conditions The WHY cooperation of architects and urban planners Buildings and their facilities can create neighborhoods and sense of community supported by the contribution of buildings or entire neighborhoods /communities to infrastructure requirements Suistainable community

7. The WHAT TO DO (or to be considered) Contribution of buildings to the infrastructure within their urban context. General rules helping design better buildings and communities, and the infrastructure Other potential influencers Urban Morph. Synergy zones, Climatic Design, Street Patterns Urban Farm., Insurance, Cost Impact of buildings life cycle on infrastructure Impact of urban design on municipal infrastructure Impact of architectural design on buildings energy-efficiency and on potential renewable energy use Design

8. THE GOAL To design and build the buildings that can co-create new urban infrastructure that will be: • connected to buildings that can sharethe energy produced on site and water received from the operations and rainfalls • optimized through the reduction of energy demand, recovery of the heat losses in inefficient systems, capture of heat from sewage and use of gas emissions and municipal waste as a source of fuel. Source:Millenium, Vancouver

9. The IDEA • The behaviour of urban infrastructure created by buildings can be compared to the natural behaviours of ecosystems with their strict requirements and rights. • In an engineered ecosystem - infrastructure, everything that happens physically depends to a large extent on: • type of activity (receiving or contributing) • degree of control • requirements and rights for the infrastructure of buildings and their surroundings Simplified “engineered eco-system” source:City of Vancouver

10. The WHAT AND HOW Buildings are subjects of processes from the start of their construction throughall other phases of their life cycle, impacting on their surroundings, including infrastructure. Example of Manitoba Hydro HQ in Winnipeg: • Ground source heat pump - heating and cooling • Solar impact/chimney -heating and cooling • Green roofs, stormwater - water • Parkade – 250 cars - traffic • Shape/form – energy efficiency Source:Manitoba Hydro (MH)

11. The WHAT AND HOW Suburban buildings are freestanding objects in space. Urban buildings can contribute to the infrastructure while shaping the space. Energy Water Pointe Green Source:Hartwig Architects BedZed Source:ARUP

12. Contribution to infrastructure The WHAT AND HOW Energy Water Rosemont, Montreal Source:OEUF

13. The WHAT AND HOW Southeast False Creek, Vancouver Contribution to infrastructure: a district heating system with sewer heat recovery, PVs,solar thermal, and urban agriculture. Energy Water SEFC Site Plan and Neighborhood Utility Source: City of Vancouver.

14. The WHAT AND HOW • Greywater reuse systems • - water from laundry, showers, and sinks • treat and reuse it for toilet flushing and irrigation, • conserve municipal potable water • reduce the wastewater infrastructure Sackville, Toronto Contribution to infrastructure Energy Water • Design the systems that • treat and manage water, wastewater, and stormwater • reduce or eliminate the connections to municipal systems • Counter the climate changes, and resulting infrastructure overloads.

15. The OBVIOUS* IDEA • A mix of buildings (with heat/cold storage (H/C) ratio close to zero) with thermal schedules and H/C storage, can reuse the waste streams, reducing by 50% the energy consumption and the need for larger infrastructure. Diverse occupancy profiles provide opportunities for synergies in power, energy, water consumption and parking requirements • Remember: • Energy plants cannot be shut down • Energy storage • - a necessity • *depending for whom

16. The OBVIOUS BINGO! Source: MeliStylianou, CANMET, NRCan,

17. From building to clusters/neighbourhoods • Eco-industrial networks (EIN) - both energy and wastesharing between producers and consumers usually supplying entire communities • Eco-industrial parks generally, share within themselves - almost nothing is wasted, and everything is used • Implementation: • from building to the whole city itself: • reusing • exchanging of waste energy • and renewable energy. Source:Tilie et al

18. The REALITY North Vancouver - Identification of industrial buildings with excess energy or waste and potentially “serviced” adjacent communities. Source: CMHC

19. Synergy Zone • The interaction of elements affecting the size of the infrastructure: • thermal energy for space heating or cooling • domestic hot water • grey water • DC power at the zone and building level, if feasible (related to 20% conversion losses from DC to AC) • solid waste generated by building operations • Source: Larsson, 2012 • Crucial (rather rhetoric) question if buildings and communities migrate to decentralized, smaller utilities: • Will we still need elaborate and expensive grids, dams, and the large, corporate utilities that operate them?

20. CONCLUSIONS • The buildings can save the municipal infrastructure while acting as buildings that can: • reduce energy demand by improving the envelope, form, and shape • produce the energy further minimizing the needs (the expansion or new energy plants) and the related infrastructure in all forms • produce the clean water and food • free up capacity within their energy systems (incl. renewables) • include systems that treat and manage potable, waste-, and stormwater, reducing or eliminating needs to be connected to municipal systems

21. And going further: • mitigate rainwater impacts and heat transfers by improved roof design • support food production and the installation of solar energy • considerboth urban morphology and urban geometry in building design • reduce or eliminate heat island (effects) in close proximities • create a community with the efficient road and other infrastructure grids

22. Bahrain, WTC. Source: iiSBE Are we ready for the New Infrastructure of XXI century?

23. The NOT SO DISTANT FUTURE • Our power grids become like the Internet in terms of flexibility, openness and modularity to easily move “packets” of energy. • Vehicle to Grid (V2G)- use batteries of the fleet of electric cars to move energy from one building(with PVs) to another in need. • On-site storage becomes cost-effective for commercial and industrial buildings. • Houses become their own nano-infrastructure providers, generating energy, information, clean water and even food to share with the micro-infrastructure of their neighborhood.

24. Internet Protocol (IP) may redefine architecture going from the Internet of Things- to the Internet of Buildings byconverging all building systems onto a single IP network. Such systems already exist in the WaterPark Place III building in Toronto - with LEED Core and Shell Platinum. At the Cisco location on several floors lighting, HVAC, fire and security systems are all integrated with PoE (Power over Ethernet) eliminating the need for electrical cables with significant cost savings. Systems are able to share data optimizing their efficiency (elevators, comfort, real time data). Source: WZMH Architects

25. The infrastructure needs to be not only resilient but alsoadaptive to new challenges we will face but we cannot predict. Erle Ellis, University of Maryland, 2013 Tomorrow’s infrastructure may be smarter, cheaper, and more flexible than today’s - and buildings will be an integral part of it. D. McLeod - Canadian Architect Jan 2019 If we are not to be left behind, the profession of architecture together with urban planning needs to play a leadership role exploiting the opportunities and addressing the challenges of our future infrastructure. Dr. Douglas Macleod, Centre for Architecture at Athabasca University.

26. Woytek Kujawski, Ph.D. Arch, MRAIC, LEED AP, iiSBE wk.kujawski@gmail.com 2368