DEVELOPMENT OF ETHNOMEDICINES FOR MANAGEMENT OF MALARIA IN MSAMBWENI DISTRICT, KENYA

1. DEVELOPMENT OF ETHNOMEDICINES FOR MANAGEMENT OF MALARIAIN MSAMBWENI DISTRICT, KENYA DR Joseph M Nguta,, PhD Student, RISE-AFNNET FELLOW UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI

2. MALARIA • Malaria is the most difficult problem afflicting people in the tropics • In Africa, more than 100 million people are infected annually, with a mortality of 1-1.5m a year • Currently the drug of choice is artemesinin and its derivatives • High rate of resistance development to drugs and chemicals by the parasite and the vector respectively makes the necessity for research in new antimalarial drugs a continuous one

3. Introduction • A source of these principles is the rich tropical flora. • Medicinal plants traditionally used to treat malaria by the Msambweni community of South Coast, Kenya are reported in this study. • 27 species in 24 genera distributed in 20 families are documented. • 13 species reported for the first time for the treatment of malaria are discussed.

4. Methods Msambweni district study site

5. Objectives of the study • To establish an inventory of plants and formulations used to manage Malaria in Msambweni community • To determine the efficacy and toxicity of the priority plants and formulation to the community. • To isolate and characterize the bioactive compounds in the efficacious plants extracts • Develop appropriate formulations based on identified bioactive compounds and indigenous knowledge • To explore feasibility for commercialization

6. The study • How do they identify STI? • Which plants do the Samburu use to manage STI? • Which is the most preferred plant? • Which part of plant do they use? • How is it formulated • Which is the route of administration? • Are the plants readily available? • Are the plants used safe?

7. General overview Azadirachta indica form part of the vegetation

8. General overview Stem bark from Azadirachta indica is used for decoctions

9. Author conducting an interview in Mwaroni village, Diani

10. General overview Palm trees form part of the vegetation

11. General overview Author conducting an interview

12. Background Why investigate/document antimalarial phytotherapy remedies • Provides a platform: • For search for new antimalarials from natural products using ethnobotanical approach • Upto 80% of rural pop. In Africa depend on HMs. • For evaluation of the efficacy and safety of the plants as antimalarial remedies • Majority of antimalarial drugs have been derived from medicinal plants (Quinine, Artemisinin)

13. Background (Cont.) • Provides a cost effective approach for the dev. Of new drugs • Knowledge is transferred orally-hence danger of losing this precious cultural heritage • Rapid loss of natural habitats, traditional community life, cultural diversity and knowledge of medicinal plants calls for estb. of a large no. of ethnobotanical inventories • Ethnobotanical information provides data for further pharmacological, toxicological and phytochemical studies • Serves as an indication of species that may need further ecological assessment on their regeneration status • Provides an avenue for the validation of all claims of therapeutic efficacy and safety: This may yield significant benefit

14. Background (Cont.) • therapeutic efficacy and safety: This may yield significant benefit for primary healthcare, and also help create herbal medicine market-with possibilities of adding value to medicinal plants • Helps in the preservation of traditional knowledge, since its disappearance will make exploitation of plants difficult if not impossible • Indigenous comm. Thr. A period of long exp. With HMs are likely to have retained those that are effective and tolerably safe while discarding preparations with low efficacy or acute toxicity. • For identification and propagation of antimalarial herbs

15. Background (Cont.) • Like A. annua which is the only way to take adequate antimalarial medication to the villages and even to urban areas. • Challenges • Drug discovery from nature is a time and resource consuming activity. • Getting information on medicinal plants and obtaining plant materials for research is at times met with opposition by the owners of IK, as it is regarded to be a top secret. • Collection and taxonomic study of the biological material takes months of intensive efferts

16. Background (Cont.) • Some vulnerable and threatened plants are continuously being depleted to extinction, losing some of them forever from the face of the globe. • Opportunities • EA region is taxonomically considered to be a single floral block , with high diversity of plant species, consisting of 21, 650 species, with 5000 from Kenya, 6000 from Uganda and 10,650 from Tanzania. • This floral diversity and the use of many plant species in traditional medicine has inspired enormous research efforts to prospects for lead natural products for drug dev. Involving both local and foreign research groups.

17. Background (Cont.) • Chalcones, Flavanones and other flavonoids with varied antiplasmodial activity has been isolated from Kenyan flora.

18. Methods (Cont.) Collection of ethnomedical information • Fieldwork carried out between May and August, 2009. • Local people facilitated access to herbalists (15 men and 5 women; Mean age: 60 yrs) • Semistructured questionnaires and interviews-used for information on antimalarial plants • A taxonomist conversant with the area flora was part of the collection team • Antimalarial plants as identified by the herbalists were collected and identified by a taxonomist and voucher specimens deposited at the LARMAT Herbarium, University of Nairobi.

19. Methods (Cont.) • Information gathered included plant species, parts used, plant habit, method of preparation, dosage and vernacular names.

20. Results Plants commonly used for the treatment of malaria • Meliaceae Azadirachta indica (L) Burm. (JN 412; 422)   • Rutaceae Zanthoxylum chalybeum (Eng) Engl. (JN 433) • Liliaceae Aloe deserti Berger. (JN 424) • Simaroubaceae Harrisonia abyssinica Oliv. (JN 438) • Euphorbiaceae Ricinus communis L.(JN 431) Verbenaceae • Lantana camara L.( JN 429)

21. Results Plants commonly used for the treatment of malaria • Compositae Launea cornuta (Oliv and Hiern) C. Jeffrey (JN 410) • Solanaceae Solanum incanum L. (JN 46; 417) • Labiatae Ocimum bacilicum L.(JN 428) • Bombacaceae Adansonia digitata Linn. (JN 414; 415) • Papilionaceae Securidaca longepedunculata Fres. (JN 423) • Rutaceae Teclea simplicifolia (Eng) Verdoon (JN 413)

22. Results Plants commonly used for the treatment of malaria • Flacourtiaceae Flacourtia indica (Burm.f) Merr. (JN 436) • Liliaceae Aloe vera (L) Webb.(JN 421) • Cucurbitaceae Gerranthus lobatus (Cogn.) Jeffrey (JN 405;406; 407) • Labiatae Plectranthus barbatus Andr. (JN 418; 419; 420) • Moraceae Ficus bussei Warp ex Mildbr and Burret.(JN 403; 404) • Tiliaceae Grewia hexaminta Burret. ( JN 401; 402)

23. Results Plants commonly used for the treatment of malaria • Rubiaceae Canthium glaucum Hiern. (JN 426) • Caesalpiniaceae Cassia occidentalis L. (JN 425) • Amaranthaceae Amaranthus hybridus L.(JN 430) • Combretaceae Combretum padoides Engl and Diels. (JN 434) • Compositae Senecio syringitolius O. Hoffman. (JN 432) • Rutaceae Fagaropsis angolensis (Engl) Del. (JN 437)

24. Results Plants commonly used for the treatment of malaria • Labiatae Ocimum suave Willd (JN 408; 409) • Liliaceae Aloe macrosiphon Bak. (JN 435) • Apocynaceae Laudolphia buchananii (Hall.f) Stapf. (JN 427)

25. ResultsHabit of the species used in treatment of malaria

26. ResultsPart of the species used in treatment of malaria.

27. Results Frequency of the species in the families from Msambweni district

28. Discussion • Study objective was to document plants used traditionally against malaria by the Msambweni community. • 27 species in 24 genera and 20 families were documented • 13 species are documented for the first time for the treatment of malaria • Some species documented have been widely used as antimalarials in other continents e.g Ricinus communis, Lantana camara • Roots were the second most commonly used plant part-and this calls for conservation and good harvesting practices • Antimalarial activity have been reported in some species documented e.g. Zanthoxylum chalybeum, Ricinus communis

29. Discussion • Harrisonia abyssinica, Azadirachta indica. • Phytoconstituents have also been isolated from plant species documented in the study e.g. Quinoline alkaloids isolated from Zanthoxylum chalybeum, gedunin and nimbinin isolated from Azadirachta indica • Literature reviewed indicated that few toxicological studies have been done on the plant species documented in this study • This calls for validation of all the safety claims by undertaking detailed toxicological studies.

30. Conclusion • Many plant species reported have been investigated for their active principles and pharmacological activities, the latter being in agreement with the ethnomedical uses reported in this study. • Few toxicological studies have been conducted • 13 plant species are documented for the first time for the treatment of malaria • Further documentation of TK on the use of HMs is recommended • Acceptability of antimalarial plants as effective remedies is quite high among the Msambweni community. • Msambweni community owns the TK presented in this study. Any benefit from this work must be shared with them.

31. Acknowledgements • The Carnegie Corporation of New York for financially supporting this work through Regional Initiative in Science and Technology (Carnegie-AIS-RISE) Natural Product Network • The community of Msambweni district, for sharing their knowledge and time with the author • The Natural Product Research Team for their positive criticism and constant encouragement

32. KAYA DIANI FOREST KAYA DIANI FOREST

33. Voucher specimen Author pressing voucher specimens

34. THANK YOU FOR LISTENING/AHSANTENI SANA