Pluto (Hades)

1. Pluto (Hades)

2. Cronus m. Rhea Hestia Hades Poseidon Demeter Hera Zeus Hades was son of Cronusand Rhea, and brother to Zeus and Poseidon He was the god of the Underworld and husband of Persephone (Proserpina)

3. The Abduction of Persephone • Persephone is the daughter of Zeus and Demeter At the will of Zeus, Hades abducted her, bursting through a cleft in the earth The Abduction of Persephone, Peter Paul Rubens (1577-1640)

4. The Abduction of Persephone • When Demeter found out, she spent a year lamenting, during which time the earth would not produce food • She would have destroyed the entire human race by famine if Zeus had not noticed and convinced Hades to bring Persephone up from the murky depths

5. The Abduction of Persephone Before she left, Hades fed a pomegranate seed to Persephone so that she would have to return to the Underworld for 1/3 of each year

6. The Abduction of Persephone Upon the return of Persephone, Demeter restored the fertility of the Earth The Return of Persephone, Frederic Leighton (1891)

7. The Abduction of Persephone And so Persephone became the wife of Hades and the queen of the Underworld

8. The Realm of Hades • The realm of Hades is the misty and gloomy abode of the dead, where all mortals go. • All mortals are judged after death and are either rewarded or cursed. • The earliest surviving account of the realm appears in Book xi of the Odyssey

9. The Realm of Hades • The five rivers of the realm of Hades are: • Acheron (the river of sorrow, or woe) • Cocytus (lamentation, or wailing) • Phlegethon (fire) • Lethe (oblivion, or forgetfulness) • Styx (hate), The Styx forms the boundary between the upper and lower worlds.

10. The Realm of Hades • It was a custom to bury the dead with a coin in the mouth to provide the ferryman Charon with his fare to cross the Acheron and Styx Rivers Charon’s Crossing, Alexander Litovchenko

11. The Realm of Hades The ferocious dog Cerberus, usually depicted with three heads, guards the entrance to the realm of the dead Cerberus, by William Blake

12. The Realm of Hades • In the Odyssey, it is vaguely implied that all mortals end up together pretty much in the same place, without distinction – the Asphodel Meadows • A special ‘hell’ for sinners may also be implied, but these sinners are extraordinary figures of mythology that dared crimes against the gods

13. The Realm of Hades • In Book 6 of the Aeneid, Vergil paints a clearer picture of the Underworld • After crossing the Acheron River, Aeneas reaches a kind of neutral zone, the Asphodel Meadows, a place for the untimely dead (infants, unjustly condemned, victims of suicide, and unhappy lovers-- where Aeneas meets Dido)

14. The Realm of Hades Aeneas and Sibyl in the Underworld, Jan Brueghel the Elder

15. The Realm of Hades From here Aeneas and Sibyl move to the Fields of Mourning, reserved for warriors who fell in battle Beyond, the road divides and leads in twodirections – to the right extends to Elysium, and the left leads to Tartarus

16. The Realm of Hades • There are three judges of the Underworld: • Minos, Rhadamanthus, and Aeacus • Most myths held Minos as the judge of those who had been given the death penalty on a false charge He decides whether a soul should go to Elysium or Tartarus

17. The Realm of Hades Once sentenced to Tartarus, Rhadamanthus would decide on the punishment for the damned Other myths state that Rhadamanthus presided over the virtuous in Elysium

18. The Realm of Hades • Tartarus is a gloomy pit, or an abyss used as a dungeon of torment and suffering that resides beneath the underworld, encircled by the River Phlegethon (Fire) Vergil’s Tartarus is not a hell just for heroic sinners of mythological antiquity; in it all who are guilty suffer punishment

19. Inhabitants of the Realm of Hades The Danaides • They were the fifty daughters of Danaus that were to marry the fifty sons of his twin brother Aegyptus • They were ordered by their father to kill their husbands which they all did with the exception of one • The punishment for the 49 who went through with the killings was to attempt in vain to carry water in containers that have no real bottoms

20. Inhabitants of the Realm of Hades In an attempt to purify Ixion,’s sins Zeus received him as a guest, yet Ixion repaid by attempting to violate Hera • Ixion was expelled from Olympus and was bound to a fiery wheel that would spin for eternity inTartarus Ixion

21. Inhabitants of the Realm of Hades Sisyphus Sisyphus was a king who outwitted Death and, for telling Zeus’ secret, was punished in the Underworld by rolling a huge stone up a hill forever

22. Inhabitants of the Realm of Hades Tantalus Tantalus abused the privilege of eating with the gods- He invited the gods to dine with him and cut up his son and served the parts at a feast His punishment was to suffer everlasting thirst and hunger in the Underworld

23. Inhabitants of the Realm of Hades Tityus Tityus was a son of Zeus who was killed by Apollo for his attempt to rape Leto. He was punished in the Underworld by vultures devouring his liver forever

24. Elysium (the Elysian Fields) of the Underworld was the final resting place of the souls of the heroic and the virtuous. • The inhabitants of Vergil’s Paradise hold the typical ancient ethics: devotion to humankind, to country, to family, and to the gods