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The Nervous System and The Brain

The Nervous System and The Brain. AP Psychology NCVPS. Nerves. AP Psychology NCVPS. The Nervous System. The electrochemical communication system of the body Two way communications: from the brain to the body for movement to the brain from the senses.

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The Nervous System and The Brain

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  1. The Nervous SystemandThe Brain AP Psychology NCVPS

  2. Nerves AP Psychology NCVPS

  3. The Nervous System • The electrochemical communication system of the body • Two way communications: • from the brain to the body for movement • to the brain from the senses http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Page_214_Nervous_System.jpg

  4. Nerves • Neurons are the basic building blocks of the nervous system, a nerve cell. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Neuron.svg

  5. Nerves • The Cell Body, or Soma, contains the nucleus and other parts that keep the cell viable. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Neuron.svg

  6. Nerves • Dendrites are the receiving extensions of a neuron. Electrical impulses are received and moved toward the cell body. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Neuron.svg

  7. Nerves • Axons are the sending extensions of a neuron. Electrical impulses are received and moved away from the cell body toward the axon terminals. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Neuron.svg

  8. Nerves • The myelin sheath acts like insulation, covering the axon and increasing the speed of the neural impulses. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Neuron.svg

  9. Nerves • A neural impulse moves from the dendrites, through the cell body, and through the axon before reaching the axon terminal. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Neuron.svg

  10. Nerves • Between neurons is a tiny gap known as the synapse, synaptic gap, or synaptic cleft. • Chemical messengers called neurotransmitters carry signals across this fluid filled space from one cell’s axons to another’s dendrites. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Chemical_synapse_schema_cropped.jpg

  11. Nerves • Different neurotransmitters affect behavior in different ways. http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Zi63tXYCG8I/T1CXcGt1YDI/AAAAAAAAAOA/ALVMw3a-GGs/s1600/neurotransmitters.gif

  12. Nerves http://stoppullinghairout.com/blog/ • Some neurotransmitters have an excitatory effect, making it more likely that the next neuron will “fire.” • Others have an inhibitory effect, making it less likely the next neuron will respond.

  13. http://www.docstoc.com/?doc_id=2240369&download=1

  14. Nerves http://www.neurosurgical.com/Images/07_Med_Info/7.14%20Medication%20Function%20550.jpg • Therapeutic drugs have been devised to help with specific behavior issues. • Agonists mimic a specific neurotransmitter. • Antagonists block a neurotransmitter’s effects. • Others prevent reuptake or re-absorption.

  15. Nerves http://www.popsci.com/files/imagecache/article_image_large/articles/nerve%20cell.jpg • Some neurons have specialized functions. • Receptor cells • Sensory Neurons • Interneurons • Motor Neurons

  16. Nerves http://ruccs.rutgers.edu/~ikovacs/SandP/prepI_2.html Receptor cells are cells in the sensory systems of the body that can turn other kinds of energy into neural impulses that the brain can process.

  17. Nerves http://ruccs.rutgers.edu/~ikovacs/SandP/prepI_2.html Receptor cells

  18. Nerves http://leavingbio.net/THE%20NERVOUS%20SYSTEM_files/THE%20NERVOUS%20SYSTEM_files/image005.jpg Sensory neurons (afferent neurons) carry information from the receptors cells to the spinal cord and brain.

  19. Nerves http://img.tfd.com/dorland/thumbs/interneuron.jpg Interneurons process information in the brain and spinal cord.

  20. Nerves http://leavingbio.net/THE%20NERVOUS%20SYSTEM_files/THE%20NERVOUS%20SYSTEM_files/image005.jpg Motor neurons (efferent neurons) carry information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands

  21. The Nervous System AP Psychology NCVPS

  22. The Nervous System • Remember, the Nervous System is: • The electrochemical communication system of the body • Two way communications: • from the brain to the body for movement • to the brain from the senses http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Page_214_Nervous_System.jpg

  23. The Nervous System • The nervous system has multiple divisions. • The Central Nervous System • The Peripheral Nervous System • The Somatic Nervous System • The Autonomic Nervous System • The Sympathetic Nervous System • The Parasympathetic Nervous System http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Page_214_Nervous_System.jpg

  24. The Nervous System http://www.neurosciencerus.org/wyDiagramNervousSystem.jpg

  25. The Nervous System • The Central Nervous System • Consists of the brain and the spinal cord • Most information processing occurs in the brain. • The spinal cord is the main pathway to and from the brain. http://www.umm.edu/imagepages/19588.htm

  26. The Nervous System • The Peripheral Nervous System • The system that connects the brain and the spinal cord to the rest of the body. • It is subdivided into the somatic and autonomic nervous systems. http://www.macmillan.org.uk/Images/Cancerinfo/Longdescriptions/Cancertypes/Nervoussystem_2011_large.jpg

  27. The Nervous System • The Peripheral Nervous System http://lmtorbust.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/somatic-autonomic-venn-diagram.jpg

  28. The Nervous System • The Peripheral Nervous System • The Autonomic Nervous System • The Sympathetic Nervous System • The part of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body • Fight or flight response http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/P/PNS.html

  29. The Nervous System • The Peripheral Nervous System • The Autonomic Nervous System • The Parasympathetic Nervous System • The part of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/P/PNS.html

  30. The Brain AP Psychology NCVPS

  31. The Brain The Brain is the most complex organ of the human body and is responsible for processing all of neural impulses generated by the Nervous System. http://www.umm.edu/patiented/articles/brain_structures_000334.htm

  32. The Brainstem • The most primitive part of our brain. • Contains the hindbrain and the midbrain • From an evolutionary perspective, it controls survivalfunctions of the body. http://fultoncountybraininjurysupportgroup.health.officelive.com/stem.aspx

  33. The Medulla • Sometimes referred to as the medulla oblongata. • Located at the base of the brainstem • Controls life-supportingfunctions like heartbeat and breathing • Damage to this area can lead to death. http://www.interactive-biology.com/107/what-parts-of-the-brain-control-respiration/

  34. The Cerebellum • The “Little Brain” • Processing center for reflexes involved in balance • Also in those used in grossmotorcoordination http://www.umm.edu/imagepages/18008.htm

  35. The Reticular Formation • Located in the midbrain • Involved with sleep, arousal, and sustained attention • Damage to this area can cause a coma • Not fully developed in children (i.e. the shorter attention span of younger children) https://ewwgrosser.wikispaces.com/Reticular+Activating+System+-+Period+9

  36. The Thalamus • Located where the brainstem and the reticular formation end. • Serves as a communicationsrelay for sensory input • Also involved in sleep and arousal http://biology.about.com/od/anatomy/p/thalamus.htm

  37. The Limbic System • A system of structures closely link with the hypothalamus. • Includes the hypothalamus, hippocampus, and amygdala • Plays a role in regulating eating, drinking, and sexual activity. • Also linked with aggression http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Brain_limbicsystem.jpg

  38. The Hypothalamus • Part of the Limbic system • Located below the thalamus • Linked to hunger, thirst, sexual activity, and emotionality • Also connected to stress reactions http://www.kidport.com/reflib/science/HumanBody/NervousSystem/Hypothalamus.htm

  39. The Hippocampus • Part of the Limbic system • Plays a role in memory, especially short term memory and memory of recent events. http://www.memorylossonline.com/glossary/hippocampus.html

  40. The Amygdala • Part of the Limbic system • Controls emotional responses such as fear and anger http://brainconnection.positscience.com/topics/?main=fa/fear-conditioning2

  41. The Cerebrum • The most developed structure in the human brain. • Consists of two layers, the outer of which is known as the cerebral cortex. http://www.memorylossonline.com/glossary/hippocampus.html

  42. The Cerebral Cortex • The outer layer of the cerebrum. • Divided into two hemispheres • Each hemisphere is divided into four lobes, each with a different function. http://morphonix.com/software/education/science/brain/game/specimens/cerebral_cortex_lobes.html

  43. The Corpus Callosum • A wide band of neurons that connect the right and left hemispheres of the cerebral cortex • Allows communication between the two portions. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/imagepages/8753.htm

  44. The Longitudinal Fissure • The long crevice that divides the cerebral cortex into left and right hemispheres • This and other fissures in the brain create major divisions in the brain called lobes http://minuscript.wordpress.com/2011/07/14/a-headache/

  45. The Frontal Lobe • Located behind the forehead. • Involved in planning and judgment • Contains the motor cortex and is involved in all bodily movements. http://contemporaryhealthnutritionfitness.com/contemporary/?tag=frontal-lobe-development

  46. The Parietal Lobes • Located on the top of the head and toward the rear • Includes the somatosensory cortex and general association areas used in processing information, including general processing and mathematical reasoning http://www.health.qld.gov.au/abios/asp/bparietal.asp

  47. The Occipital Lobe • Located at the rear of the cerebral cortex • Contains the primary visual processing center of the brain. http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/genpsycerebrum.html

  48. The Temporal Lobe • Located roughly above the ears • Contains the auditory processing areas of the brain http://introspectional.com/section2/page3.php

  49. The Motor Cortex • Involved in all bodily movement, both gross and fine. • Much is devoted to fine motor control. http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/genpsycerebrum.html

  50. The Somatosensory Cortex Involved in all bodily sensations. http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/genpsycerebrum.html

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