Quick Check

1. Quick Check • What happened to Muhammad’s parents? • Is Islam Mono or Poly theistic? • What job did Muhammad have? • What were the two major cities on the Arabian Peninsula?

2. The World of Islam Chapter 26

3. Arabian Peninsula Before Islam • Polytheistic – animism • Bedouins – nomadic people • Oral history • Judaism & Christianity • Mecca – leading town • Diffusion – goods, people, • Kaaba – place of worship in Mecca • Filled with Idols • Sacred Stone – black stone

4. Islam • Monotheistic – like Judaism & Christianity • Began in 7th century • Written History – Arabic Language • Prophet – Muhammad, wife Khadija • Book – Koran, Qur'an • 5 pillars

5. The Rise of Islam • The Arabian Peninsula was a major trade route with many travelers • Mecca and Yathrib were leading trading towns • Mecca was the home of the Kaaba • Kaaba: sacred shrine of Arabs

7. Kaaba • Built by Abraham - Jewish • Pilgrims flocked to the Kaaba • It contained images of Arab gods • And the Sacred Black Stone • Black Stone – Arabs believe it is a meteorite from heaven

9. http://www.metacafe.com/watch/701230/circling_the_kaaba/

10. The prophet Muhammad • Born in Mecca about 570 • Orphaned and raised by an uncle • Worked as a caravan leader for a rich woman named Khadija • She encouraged him to fast and pray in the desert

11. Muhammad • During one retreat he heard a message from the angel Gabriel • He was told to preach to the people • Khadija encouraged him to do as he was instructed

12. Islam Questions • List and describe the 5 Pillars of Islam • What is the Koran? • Who are the People of the Book? • List ethical standards Muslims must follow • Why did Islam expand? 3 reasons • What are the two branches of Islam? • When did the division in Islam occur?

13. Islam – Empire of Faith • What is the hejira? • Identify Yathrib & Medina • Who are the People of the Book? • Why did the people of Mecca fight Muhammad and the people of Yathrib/Medina? • How did Muhammad gain control of Mecca? • What happened to the Kaaba after Muhammad gained control of Mecca?

14. Islam – Empire of Faith • Why does Islam spread rapidly? • Why does Islam divide after Muhammad’s death? • Does Muhammad’s death help Islam spread? • List 10 Great Achievements of Early Muslim Empires • How did the Crusades unify Muslims? • List strengths of the Ottoman Empire • List Great Ottoman Leaders

15. Quick Review • What does Islam - الإسلام - mean in Arabic? • Why did Islam split after Muhammad’s death? • What are the two branches of Islam? • What event brought anti-Muslim feelings in Europe?

16. Islam Class Work • Vocab • Religion Comparison Chart • Religion • Belief in God, 5 Pillars, Koran & Tradition, People of the Book • Art, Architecture, Literature • Algebra & Trigonometry, Engineering, Astronomy, Medicine • People • Muhammad, Saladin, Mamun, Rumi, Mehmed, Suleyman

17. Islam Questions • List achievements of the Arab Empires (Umayyad & Abbasid) • Where was the center/capital of the Umayyad Dynasty? • Where was the center/capital of the Abbasid Dynasty? • Who is Muhammad al-Razi? • What trade routes helped usher in the Golden Age of Islam? • What advances in learning came from the Golden age of Islam?

18. Muhammad • He won few converts, Arabs were polytheistic • Town leaders did not people to stop making the pilgrimage to the Kaaba • He was kicked out of Mecca when Khadija died • Muhammad was welcomed as a leader in the city of Medina

19. Islam: the people • Qur'an, Koran – Muslim Holy book • Islam – means submission • ~1.2 billion Muslims in the world; 22% • Caliph – successor to Muhammad • Sunni – election from religious leaders 90% of Muslims worldwide • Shi’a – descendent of Muhammad • Imam – prayer leader • Ayatollah – important Shi’a clergyman • People of the Book – Christians and Jews

20. The 5 Pillars • One God • Prayer – 5 times a day • Charity • Pilgrimage – to Mecca once in your life • Fasting – During Month of Ramadan

21. Sunni – Green; Shi’a - Blue

22. Foreign Invaders to the Middle East • Seljuk's • Muslims from Turkey • Seized Baghdad • Weakened Byzantine Empire • Mongols • From Central Asia • Defeated Seljuk's for Baghdad • Led by Genghis Khan • Converted to Islam

23. Foreign Invaders to the Middle East • Crusaders • From Europe • Fought for control of holy land, Jerusalem • Muslims retained control

24. Islam Review • The beginnings – 5 pts • Mecca, Kaaba (sacred shrine for polytheistic Arabs), Centers of Trade, People of the Book • Muhammad/Leaders – 5 pts • Orphaned & raised by uncle, trader, Khadija (wife), not liked in Mecca because of monotheistic beliefs, flees Mecca and goes to Medina, Hejira • Saladin – Soldier • Mamun – Scholar • Sulyeman – Sultan • Beliefs/Pillars – 5 pts • 5 Prayers, Pilgrimage, 1 God, Fasting, Charity • Achievements – 5 pts • Hospitals, algebra, germs cause disease, medicine, scientific method, eyes and , cataracts, lenses & surgery, engineering, House of Wisdom, writing, numbers • Sects/Invaders – 5 pts • Sunni – caliph can be any elected leader – 90% • Shi’a – caliph needs to be descendent of Muhammad – 10% • Seljuks – Turkey – capture Baghdad (Fertile Crescent) • Mongols – Central Asia – capture Baghdad (Fertile Crescent) • Crusaders – Europe – capture Jerusalem (Fertile Crescent)

25. The Two Empires • The Ottomans – Turks – Sunni • The Safavid – Persians - Shiite

27. Safavid Empire • Rivals of the Ottomans • Shah – Leader of Safavid Empire • Abbas the Great – most famous leader • Strengths – same as Ottomans • Modern Day Iran

30. The Ottoman Empire

31. Great Ottoman Sultans • Sultan – Arabic word for Strength or Power • Osman I – 1299-1324 – Ottoman Empire named after him • Mehmed II – 1451-1481 – Ruled twice & Conquered Constantinople • Suleyman I – 1520-1566 – Longest ruling Sultan

32. Mehmed IIFATİH (The Conqueror) • Conquered Constantinople in 1453 • Converted Hagia Sofia, Christian Church into Muslim Mosque • Suleyman I MUHTEŞEM (The Magnificent) or KANÛNÎ (The Lawgiver)

33. The Ottomans were: • Turkish (capital Istanbul) • Muslim • The largest empire in the world

34. Five Ottoman Strengths: • Respected people they conquered (millett) • Fearless army • Always improved technology • Control Trade • Strong Leaders

35. The Ottoman Government • Empire reigned 600 years, until end WWI • Sultan – led with absolute power • Men of the Pen - • Men of the Sword

36. Ottoman Empire

37. What was the source of Ottoman power?

38. 1. Control of Trade • Location on the east/west trade route • Control of the Waterways

41. 2. Wealth from trade

49. 3. Superior technology(the benefit of diffusion)

50. How did the empire end?The Europeans destroyed their strengths.