Chapter 20 Japan I

1. Chapter 20 Japan I There are four large islands 1. Hokkaido 2. Honshu (the largest) 3. Shikoku 4. Kyushu Then 3,900 smaller ones

2. Chapter 20 Japan II There are many active volcanoes Earthquakes occur frequently There have been 64 earthquakes measuring over 7.0 on the Richter from 1890 to 2003 Three quarters of the land is mountainous

3. Chapter 20 Japan III Many of Japan’s cultural ideas came from Korea Korea gave them Confucianism and Buddhism Buddhism came to Japan in the mid 500’s In 593 A.D. Prince Shotoku came into power and encouraged contact with the Chinese and Koreans

4. Chapter 20 Japan IV In 607 A.D. he sent an official representative to the Chinese Court. Upper class Japanese went to China were they learned literature, art, philosophy and government. Cultural Diffusion: the spread of cultural elements from one society to another.

5. Chapter 20 Japan V Korea brought 1. Bronze casting 2. Advanced ironworking 3. Confucianism 4. Buddhism

6. Chapter 20 Japan VI Upper class Japanese owned slaves Lived in houses with wooden floors and wooden or thatch roofs. Common people lived in houses with dirt floors and thatched roofs Family life centered around the mothers. Fathers often lived away from the family

7. Chapter 20 Japan VII During the 500s women enjoyed a very high status Japan governmental power was divided among the chiefs of a number of clans These clans were called “UJI” Prince Shotoku came from the region of Yamato and had enough power to rule most of Japan

8. Chapter 20 Japan VIII For the next 300 years Japan sent thousands to china. They brought back with them 1. Mainland culture 2. Painting 3. Religious statues 4. Musical instruments

9. Chapter 20 Japan IX 5. Government 6. The Arts 7. Architecture 8. Writing They blended these new ideas into their existing culture

10. Chapter 20 Japan X During the seventh and eighth centuries Japanese rulers adopted a Chinese style of government. The style of having a bureaucracy In 604 A.D. Prince Shotoku issued a set of guidelines that created ranks in the government

11. Chapter 20 Japan XI They were called the Seventeen Article Constitution The guidelines stated that the Emperor was the country’s supreme ruler. “in a country there are not two lords; the people have not two masters. The sovereign is the master of the people of the whole country.”

12. Chapter 20 Japan XII In 645 A.D. Emperor Tenchi created the Taika Reforms. The main purpose was to strengthen the central government Control of the land was taken away from the clan leaders and given to the emperor The emperor than redistributed it amongst freemen and women

13. Chapter 20 Japan XIII In return the people paid heavy taxes to the Imperial government Imperial: belonging, or related to an emperor By the ninth century a powerful aristocracy developed. This aristocracy held all of the high positions in Japanese government Aristocracy: a ruling class of noble families

14. Chapter 20 Japan XIV In 710 A.D. the Japanese built a new capital Heijokyo in Nara was chosen to serve this purpose in 710 A.D. The city was patterned after Chang’an in China Differences: Hejokyo 8 sq miles; Chang’an 35 sq miles

15. Chapter 20 Japan XV Hejokyo 200,000 people; Chang’an 2,000,000 people Hejokyo no walls around it to protect it from enemies; Chang’an completely walled. Japan’s original religion was Shinto. Shinto was based on nature Its followers worshiped spirits called “Kami”

16. Chapter 20 Japan XVI Natural objects are Kami 1. Wind 2. Lightning 3. Rivers 4. Mountains 5. Waterfalls 6. Large trees 7. Unusual stones

17. Chapter 20 Japan XVII 8. The emperor and other special people are also “Kami” Shinto stresses purifying whatever is unclean Shintoists celebrate life and the beauty of nature

18. Chapter 20 Japan XVIII Buddhists see life as full of pain and suffering To escape this pain and suffering Buddhists must follow a moral code called “the eight fold path” Wisdom 1. Right View 2. Right intention

19. Chapter 20 Japan XIX Ethical conduct 3. Right speech 4. Right action 5. Right livelihood Mental discipline 6. Right effort 7. Right mindfulness 8. Right concentration

20. Chapter 20 Japan XX You achieve wisdom through meditation Following the path leads to enlightenment Or seeing the world as it really is. Those who achieve enlightenment enter nirvana (not the grunge band) Nirvana: a state of perfect peace They will never be born again into a life of suffering

21. Chapter 20 Japan XXI The founder of Buddhism was Siddhartha Gautama. He was the first to teach and therefore achieve the perfect peace He became the Buddha, Or “the enlightened one” Buddhism entered Japan in 552 A Korean king sent the emperor a statue of Buddha, monks, books of prayer, gongs and banners.

22. Chapter 20 Japan XXII The emperor and the royal court admired the wisdom of the Buddhist religion and its rituals They considered Buddha a magical protector of families and the nation Both Shinto and Buddhism thrived in Japan and eventually blended together

23. Chapter 20 Japan XXIII Celebrations of birth and marriage come from Shinto (the joyful religion) Funeral ceremonies are Buddhist (the religion that acknowledges suffering and pain.)

24. Chapter 20 Japan XXIV Ancient Japanese language was spoken only Written documents were in Chinese. Taught to them by the Koreans The Japanese eventually adapted the Chinese characters into their own language Kanji is Chinese writing Kana is borrowed letters that allow for Japanese syllables

25. Chapter 20 Japan XXV Both Kanji and Kana are part of the written language today Syllable: a unit of sound in a word The earliest from of literary works in Japan are poems Their poems are called Tanka

26. Chapter 20 Japan XXVI Tankas have 31 syllables in them. Five lines of 5,7,5,7 and 7 syllables in each line Ideas for sculpturing came from Korean and China Japan adapted the pagoda from China Pagoda: a tower shaped structure with several stories and roofs.

27. Chapter 20 Japan XXVII Lofty pagodas were soon built all over Japan. They were originally for Buddhist worship