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Indiana’s Local and Regional Food Logistics Assets & Networks

Indiana’s Local and Regional Food Logistics Assets & Networks. Indiana Rural Summit, Indianapolis, IN November 14th , 2012. Picture by Christine Nolan & Indraneel Kumar; Linda, Wikimedia Commons. Structure. Background Research The Well Traveled Yogurt Pot

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Indiana’s Local and Regional Food Logistics Assets & Networks

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  1. Indiana’s Local and Regional Food Logistics Assets & Networks Indiana Rural Summit, Indianapolis, IN November 14th , 2012 Picture by Christine Nolan & Indraneel Kumar; Linda, Wikimedia Commons

  2. Structure • Background Research • The Well Traveled Yogurt Pot • Food-miles Concept: Pros & Cons • Foodsheds • Specialized Supply (cold/cool) Chains • Data • Food Logistics Infrastructure & Data Sources • Interactive Tools • Processed Food Flows, IN & USA • Indiana’s Food Infrastructure • Farmers’ Market

  3. The Well Traveled Yogurt Pot Yogurt culture, paper, resin, glue • 150 g Yogurt pot • Strawberries- Poland- West Germany- Southern Germany • Corn and wheat powder- Holland- West Germany- Southern Germany • Labels and plastics- West Germany • Glass jars- East Germany • Milk- Stuttgart hinterlands Corn & Wheat powder Strawberries Labels & Plastics Jam Glass Jars Milk Source: Stefanie Böge, The Well-traveled Yogurt Pot, World Transport Policy & Practice, Vol. 1, No. 1, 1995 Map developed by the PCRD

  4. The Well Traveled Yogurt Pot • For one truck-load of yogurt in southern Germany , a theoretical truck-load has to move 1,005 KM. • Environmental consequences- emissions of SO2, Nox, and dust • Diesel and fossil fuel expenses (non-renewable energy sources) “In general, volume of road freight (tons) is stagnating, volume of freight movement (ton-miles) is increasing”………Stefanie Böge, 1995 Source: Stefanie Böge, The Well-traveled Yogurt Pot, World Transport Policy & Practice, Vol. 1, No. 1, 1995

  5. Food-Miles Concept • “Farm to the Fork”- distance traveled by food (Angela Paxton, 1994) • Energy used, GHG emissions, other environmental impacts • Favors locally grown food vs. imported food, which use air freight and other transport modes • Waterloo Project, Canada- 58 imported foods traveled on average 4,500 KM with estimated GHG emissions of 51,709 tons Source: Paxton, Angela, Food Miles Report: Danger of Long Distance Transport, Sep 1st, 1994. Xuereb, Marc, And Miles to Go Before I Eat-Home Grown Hurrah, Alternatives Journal, University of Waterloo, 32:3, 18-20, 2006

  6. Food-Miles Concept • Economic Input Output Life Cycle Analysis for food production • The average U.S. household’s carbon footprint from food consumption is 8.1 ton CO2/year (Weber, 2008) • Of 8.1 ton CO2/Year, 83% of GHG emissions are from • production and only 11% is from the transportation of food materials (Weber, 2008) • Food is transported long distances, average 1,640 KM for delivery and 6,760 KM life cycle supply chain (Weber, 2008) • Arguments for locally grown foods should not be based solely on food-miles and environmental benefits Source: Christopher L. Weber & H. Scott Matthews, Food-Miles and the Relative Climate Impacts of Food Choices in the United States, Environmental Science & Technology, 42, 3508-3513, 2008

  7. Foodsheds • Similar to Watersheds, Laborsheds and Commutesheds • Area of land and waters within a region from which food is produced in order to deliver nutrition to a population base (Roots of Change, 2012) • Foodsheds can cross jurisdictional boundaries; depend on population needs and production capacity of the lands • Include production (farms, ranches, community gardens), infrastructure (composting facilities, distribution centers, transportation), wholesale and retail sites, etc. • San Francisco: 100-mile radius foodshed around the city was studied • NIRPC Food Study: 100-mile radius foodshed Source: http://www.planning.org/planning/2012/jan/foodgroupsside.htm http://nirpc.org/home/pdf/LocalFoodStudy-FinalDraft.pdf

  8. Foodsheds • Feeding Chicago Project estimated a hinterland of 80-mile buffer sufficient to feed the city’s inhabitants (Schuble et al., 2011) • Foodshed model is based on soil yield data, soil type, drainage, etc. • Assumptions about nutrition intake, dietary habits, etc. • Core of GIS-based model has an “optimization routine” • New York City Regional Food Initiative study- Philadelphia, around 100-mile region; New York metro region, around 200-mile region Source: Schuble, Todd, Esther Brown and Pamela Martin, The University of Chicago, Modeling the relationship between food, energy, and environmental impacts, 2011, http://www.esri.com/news/arcuser/0911/making-connections.html New York City Regional Foodshed Initiative, Urban Design Lab, The Earth Institute, Columbia University, http://www.urbandesignlab.columbia.edu/?pid=nyc_foodshed

  9. Cold Chains • Specialized temperature controlled transport and distribution systems • U.S. imports about 30% of fruits & vegetables and around 20% of exports are perishable (Rodrigue & Nottenboom, 2012) • Subtropolis, Kansas City- comparative advantage of geography, ambient temperature 180-210C , 4.5 Sq. KM of potential space, 5- million Sq. feet space in use, up to 70% savings in utility costs (Rodrigue, J-P et al., 2012; The Atlantic; HuntMidwest) • Cold chain logistics- fruits, processed food, meat/seafood, beverage, flowers, etc. Source: Rodrigue, J-P et al. (2012) The Geography of Transport Systems, Hofstra University, Department of Global Studies & Geography, http://people.hofstra.edu/geotrans Subtropolis, U.S.A., The Atlantic, http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2010/05/subtropolis-usa/308033/# Hunt Midwest, http://www.huntmidwest.com/subtropolis/benefits.html Image Source: Ameriacsroof, Wikipedia

  10. Cold Chains • Subsurface distribution and warehousing- Kansas City, Independence, Springfield, MO • Modes- Refrigerated railcars and truck trailers (reefers); air; not so much of intermodal ship containers • Cold chain logistics- fruits, processed food, meat/seafood, beverage, flowers, pharmaceuticals, etc. • Canada to Mexico export of processed and perishable food items • (Prentice & McLachlin, 2008) • Panama Canal Expansion- Panama’s investments on new cold chain infrastructure, seaports, free trade zone, railways, airports Source: Prentice, Barry E. and Ron McLachlin, Refrigerated Food Transport from Canada to Mexico: Cold Chain Challenges, Journal of the Transportation Research Forum, Vol. 47, No. 2, Summer 2008. A New Cold Chain for Panama, http://www.foodlogistics.com/article/10307525/a-new-cold-chain-for-panama

  11. Food Logistics Infrastructure: Highways & Waterways • Ag & Food Products: • Animal feed • Cereal grains • Live animals/fish • Meat/seafood • Milled grain products • Other Ag products • Other/processed food stuffs Source: NTAD, FAF 3.3, FHWA, ORNL, ArcGIS Online Map developed by the PCRD • Trucks carried 85% (2.6 billion tons) of Ag & Food commodities by weight in 2007; Water modes only 3% • Trucks carried 90% ( $ 1.6 trillion) of Ag & Food commodities by value in 2007; Water modes only 1%

  12. Food Logistics Infrastructure : Railroads • By Weight • 63.5% is cereal grains • 13% is processed food stuffs • 5% is milled grain products Source: NTAD, FAF 3.3, FHWA, FRA, ORNL, ArcGIS Online Map developed by the PCRD • Railroads carried 8% (237 million tons) of Ag & Food commodities by weight in 2007; Multiple modes and mail only 3% • Railroads carried only 3% (60 billion $) of Ag & Food commodities by value in 2007; Multiple modes and mail only 3%

  13. Movement of Food-related Commodities • Freight Analysis Framework 3 • Oak Ridge National Laboratory • Commodities • Freight movement by 7 modes • Truck, Rail, Water, Air, Multiple modes, Pipeline, Other modes Map developed by the PCRD

  14. Food Logistics Infrastructure: Intermodals • Processed Food Stuffs: • Dairy products • Processed or prepared vegetables • Fruits, other nuts, juices • Coffee, tea, and spices • Animal or vegetable fats and oils, prepared edible fats, flours, oil seeds • Sugars, confectionary, cocoa preparations • Other edible preparations • Non-alcoholic beverages and ice Map developed by the PCRD Source: NTAD; FAF 2.2, FHWA; SRTM Elevation Data, ESRI

  15. Interactive Tools FSNAT Food Supply Network Analysis & Tools FIAT Food Infrastructure Analysis & Tools

  16. Indiana’s Food Infrastructure: Farmer’s Market • 168 locations, 2010 Data from USDA, Ag Marketing Service, map developed by the PCRD

  17. Indiana’s Food Infrastructure: Full and Limited Service Restaurants D & B data, map developed by the PCRD

  18. Indiana’s Food Infrastructure: Full and Limited Service Restaurants • 10,687 restaurants • NAICS 722110 • NAICS 722211 • D & B data • All types of food destinations are not covered • Day-time vs. resident population • ORNL, LandScan database D & B data, map developed by the PCRD

  19. Grocery Stores, Availability & Proximity Source: http://maps.ers.usda.gov/FoodAtlas/foodenv5.aspx • Supermarkets with at least $ 2 million annual sales are included • County level information

  20. ESRI ArcGIS Explorer Online Source: http://explorer.arcgis.com/?open=a0fcf79c205f454995d89086c8f518e3 • Accessibility to supermarkets is available- walking and driving • Supermarkets with at least $ 1 million sales are included • NAVTEQ transportation network data

  21. Farmers’ Market • Making locally grown food more available (USDA) • Fresh & nutritious food products for urban consumers • Get to know the origins of your food! • 6,806 markets, 2010 are mapped • 7,864 markets, November 2012, USDA, National Farmers Market Directory Picture by Indraneel Kumar

  22. Resources • Spatial Analysis & Mapping of Food Systems, Cornell University, • http://guides.library.cornell.edu/content.php?pid=84833&sid=639443 • ArcGIS Online Food Deserts Group, http://www.arcgis.com/home/group.html?owner=jimhe&title=Food%20Deserts • Food Environment Atlas, http://ers.usda.gov/foodatlas/ • MarketMaker, http://national.marketmaker.uiuc.edu/ • Local Foodshed Mapping Tool for New York State, http://www.cals.cornell.edu/cals/css/extension/foodshed-mapping.cfm#foodshed • Northwest Indiana Local Food Study, http://nirpc.org/home/pdf/LocalFoodStudy-FinalDraft.pdf • Hoosier Farmer? Emergent Food Systems in Indiana, http://www.crcworks.org/infood.pdf

  23. Thank you! Contacts Scott Hutcheson hutcheson@purdue.edu Ed Morrison edmorrison@purdue.edu Indraneel Kumar ikumar@purdue.edu Andrey Zhalnin azhalnin@purdue.edu Today’s Presenters Indraneel Kumar, AICP ikumar@purdue.edu Andrey Zhalnin, PhD azhalnin@purdue.edu Purdue Center for Regional Development Gerald D. and Edna E. Mann Hall, Suite 266 203 Martin Jischke Drive West Lafayette, IN 47907

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