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Smart Water treatment Solutions. New Low cost options for safe water at the Point of Use World Water Forum 6 Marseille 2012 Henk Holtslag Holtslag.dapper@kpnmail.nl. Problems & challenges. 0.7 Bln people without a safe water source*
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Smart Water treatment Solutions New Low cost options for safe water at the Point of Use World Water Forum 6 Marseille 2012 Henk Holtslag Holtslag.dapper@kpnmail.nl
Problems & challenges 0.7 Bln people without a safe water source* 3 Bln do not have safe water from utilities ** 1 Volume < 20 l /day/pp 2 Distance > 500 meter 3 Quality - Turbidity,mud, .. - Microbial, bacteria, viruses,.. - Chemical, arsenic, fluor,.. * 84% in rural areas (UNICEF 2009) ** Failing piped systems, recontamination in transport, at the house (IFC /world bank report, 2009)
More water?Harvest rainwater Aquifer recharge - Sand, contour dams - Vegetation, Vertiver - Tube recharge, $10/500m3 Rooftop harvesting - Wire cement tanks: $20/m3 - Plastic lined tank
Reduce distance? Repair existing pumps - 50% of piston pumps broken Upgrade hand dug wells - with a recharge, cover, low cost hand pump New water points - with pumps, low cost drilling Emas,Rota sludge, Baptist Jetting, $ 150 – 2000 /syst.
Safe drinking water?Treat water at Point of Use (PoU) - Re-contamination between source & use - 50% hospitalbeds due to unsafe water,.. - Safe water most cost-effective action to reduce poverty
Proposition To reduce water borne diseases it is more cost- effective to treat water at the Point of Use than at the source, via piped systems
Efficiency of measures against diarrhoea (source: SIE 2009) 7
Point of Use treatment 1 Point of Tap 2 Household Water Treatment and Safe storage (HWTS)
Point of Tap - Water kiosks - Chlorine dispensors A drop of chlorine at the tap point
Local Chlorine production WATASOL Users; over 0.5 Million Price; $0.3 - $ 1.0 Cost; $0.1 - $ 0.5 + - Extremely low costs - Local business development - Re-use of bottles - Can be used as disinfectant - - Requires much training
Point of Use Treatment. HWTS Disinfectant/Flocculant Users; 1 mln.? Price; $0.1- $0.2 (sachet 20 ltr.) Cost; $5 - $10 + - 2 functions - Small - Easy transport in emergencies - Low investment/day - - High cost/year - Not easy in use
Twinoxide/ Aqua prove Users; 0,2 mln. Price ; $1 Cost; $2- $4 + - No taste, no smell - No health effects - “Prevents” malaria ? - - Twinoxide (liquid) has short shelve life (Aqua prove, with tablet, has a long shelve life)
Silverdyne Users; 9 mln. Price; $3 - $4 Cost; $1 - $3 + - Very effective - No taste & smell - No environmental effects - Ten years shelf life - Long lasting effect in storage - - Not widely known
Plation Safe storage Users; 0.5 ? mln. Price; $20/unit/20ltr Cost; $4 - $6 + - Extremely simple - Functions one year - - High costs
Silver tube, Clay barSilver impregnated ceramic Users; 1000 Price; $1 - $5 Cost; $0.2 - $1 + - Simple - Low cost - Local production - - More tests needed
Biosand filters Users; 1-2 mln. Price; $20- $30 Cost; $1- $ 2 + - 120 liters/day - Local production - - Big, heavy to transport - Not an off-the-shelf product less attractive for shops - Needs additional disinfection
Candle Filters (drip filters) Users; 200 - 300? Mln. Price; $15 - $100 Cost; $ 2 - $10 + - Includes storage - Easy to use - Widely used in Asia & S. America - - Most models low filter capacity - Most cheap models not reliable - High volume, high transport costs - Cost in Africa > $30
Candle filters Stefani (Brazil) • Cost in Mozambique $30 - $100 • Production 5 million candles/year
Nazava FiltersLocal assemblyLow cost conceptImported filter element & local containers-Filter cap 3- 20 ltr /hr-Cost: 9 - .. US$
Pot filters Users; 5 – 10 mln. Price; $12 – $22 Cost; $ 1.5 - $ 3 + - Local production - Easy to use - - Big, fragile (transport) - Less attractive for shops
Pureit As safe as boiled water Users; 20-30 mln. Price; $35 Cost; $4 - $5 + - Attractive - Very effective, EPA std. - - Expensive for poor families - Only in India
Swach Users; 1-2 mln? Price; $20? Cost; $2 - $3 + - Attractive (Gadget) - Effective - - Only available in India
LifeStraw-Family Users; 6? Mln. Price; $25 - $ ? Cost; $ 2 - $ ? + - Attractive (Gadget) - Very effective, EPA std. - - High filling point, 2ltr. cap. - After 15.000 ltr. complete new filter needed - Expensive for poor families
Siphon filter (Tulip ) Users; 1 mln. Price; $8 - $16 Cost; $1- $2 + - Small, easy transport - 7000 ltr / element - 60-120 ltr / day - Reduction bact. 99,99% - - Relatively complicated in use - Requires additional storage container
No option is ‘the’ solution Turbidity Heavy Metals Viruses Bacteria Parasites Pesticides Boiling Filtering Chemicals Combined Chemical (PUR) UV SODIS
Of all options, filters most effective in reducing diarhoea & preferred by users
PoU Treatment can solve almost all water quality problems Clear but unsafe water from wells, .. + disinfection = safe water Dirty water from wells, rivers, pumps, . + a filter = safe water
Salt, Arsenicum,Pesticides, … ? Rainwater storage + a filter = safe water
Scaling up? Social marketing. Shift message from “Water = health” to Water = wealth”. Role NGOs, Governments. Large scale action; see Hystra study Supply chain. Increase no. of options so people have choices, support local private sector Payment options. For those who can not pay in one time. No gifts. Use subsidies for supply chains
Information ? “Marketing Safe Water Systems” • Compares treatment options • Explains what went wrong with upscaling • Suggestions for massive upscaling HWTs A must read!!! www.poverty.ch Author: Urs Heierli