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Marine Biology. Steven Mark Norris, Ph.D. California State University Channel Islands. Oceans and. Land. Exploitation and Extraction. Recreation. Education and Research. Algae and oxygen. Weather. Climate. Human Impacts. Human Impacts. Human Impacts. Marine Science .
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Marine Biology Steven Mark Norris, Ph.D. California State University Channel Islands
Oceans and Land
Algae and oxygen Weather Climate
Marine Science ……a little history
Chumash shell midden Guadalupe-Nipomo Dunes National Wildlife Refuge
Aristotle Aristotle’s lantern
Voyage of the Beagle (1831-1836) HMS Beagle
Biology bio + logia = “study of life”
Marine Biology study of marine life
Western Science Plato and Aristotle Raphael, ca. 1510 The Vatican
Middle Ages Knowledge comes from authority and revelation Mediaeval copy of Aristotle’s writings
Renaissance -Age of Enlightenment(starting1500’s) Knowledge comes from exploration, examination and experimentation An anatomy lesson Rembrandt (1632)
Natural Philosophy Sir Isaac Newton (1643-1727) Sir Francis Bacon (1561-1626)
Natural Philosophy “Let it not suffice to be book-learned, to read what others have written and to take upon trust more falsehood than truth, but let us ourselves examine things as we have opportunity, and converse with Nature as well as with books.” John Ray -- 1691 (1627-1705)
The Scientific Method Aristotle (384-322 BC) An example… Ptolemy (85-165 AD)
Mappi Mundi Map of the world ca. 1280
Jerusalem India North Greece Italy Britain Africa Spain
Enter…. Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543)
Copernicus “On the movements of Heavenly bodies” 1543
The Copernican Universe A model (hypothesis) based on examination of the real world --- but still with problems.