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SOCIOTECHNICAL MODEL AND SHIFTWORK

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SOCIOTECHNICAL MODEL AND SHIFTWORK

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    1. SOCIOTECHNICAL MODEL AND SHIFTWORK TRUDY MILLARD KRAUSE, DrPH FALL 2001

    2. SOCIOTECHNICAL MODEL KEY PRINCIPLES EXISTANCE OF TWO DISTINCT SUBSYSTEMS IN ORGANIZATIONS SOCIAL TECHNICAL BALANCE BETWEEN TWO SUBSYSTEMS TO OPTIMIZE ORGANIZATIONAL EFFECTIVENESS AND INDIVIDUAL WELL BEING PARALLEL DESIGN

    3. A SOCIO TECHNICAL MODEL OF SHIFTWORK

    4. TECHNICAL SUBSYSTEM Type of Technology Degree of Technization Age of Plant Plant Layout Characteristics of Job

    5. TYPE OF TECHNOLOGY UNIT PRODUCTION SKILLED CRAFTS LARGE BATCH PRODUCTION LINES CONTINUOUS PROCESS PRODUCTION AUTOMATION

    6. DEGREE OF TECHNIZATION MANUAL SYSTEM MECHANIZED SYSTEM AUTOMATED SYSTEM Technization is a determinant in understanding (1) Generation of Force and Energy by the worker (2) The worker’s Sensori-motor activities (3) The Worker’s Human Information Processing

    7. DEGREE OF TECHNIZATION AND IMPACT OF WORKER ENERGY, SENSORI-MOTOR ACTIVITIES AND INFO PROCESSING

    8. TECHNICAL SUBSYSTEM Cont. AGE OF PLANT Modernization Plant Size PLANT LAYOUT Physical Distribution Layout, Product Movement Nature and Availability of Raw Materials Plant Maintenance Facilities and Services for Employees

    9. TECHNICAL SUBSYSTEM Cont. JOB CHARACTERISTICS SKILL VARIETY AND COMPLEXITY TASK SIGNIFICANCE TO INDIVIDUAL AND SOCIETY TASK IDENTITY BEGIN-END AUTONOMY TO COMPLETE TASK FEEDBACK ON PERFORMANCE

    10. SOCIAL SUBSYSTEM COMPLETENESS VARIETY COMMUNICATION AND COOPERATION SOCIAL AND FAMILIAL AUTONOMY OPPORTUNITIES FOR LEARNING AND DEVELOPMENT SAFETY PHYSICAL, MENTAL, EMOTIONAL HEALTH

    11. SHIFTWORK AS A RESPONSE TO TECHNICAL SUBSYSTEM FACTORS INCREASED PRODUCT DEMAND LABOR COSTS TO CAPITAL INTENSITY RATIO ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY COMPETITION IMPROVED PROFITABILITY 24 HOUR SOCIETY

    12. PERCENTAGE OF SHIFT WORKERS

    13. SHIFT SCHEDULES 8 HOUR SHIFTS – 57% 12 HOUR SHIFTS – 43% 24 + HOUR SHIFTS (Not Counted Above) FIXED SHIFTS 58% ROTATING SHIFTS – 42% 27% Forward (Days to Evenings to Nights) 15% Backward (Nights to Evenings to Days) SPLIT SHIFTS DAYS ON/OFF VARIATION

    14. SHIFT SCHEDULES- Days Off

    15. ROTATATION Rotation Variations: Weekly, 4-7 days Most Common 1-3 Days Rapid Rotation Greater than 7 days Slow Rotation Clockwise or Counter Clockwise

    16. HEALTH AND WELLBEING CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS MORNINGESS/EVENINGNESS AGING SLEEP AND FATIGUE DIGESTIVE CARDIOVASCULAR ACCIDENTS AND EFFICIENCY PSYCHOSOCIAL

    17. CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS Diurnal: active by day and rest at night Circadian: Regular 24 hour alteration between day and night Synchronization: Body rhythm work in cycle with each other; relationship is essential for health Desynchronization: One body rhythm is out of cycle with the other body rhythms

    18. CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS Amplitude: The height and depth of the wave-like rhythm of body functions Phase: Predictability of wave-like rhythm Phase Shift: Alteration of phase

    19. CIRCADIAN RHYTHM

    20. CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS

    21. CIRCADIAN RHYTHM HEALTH EFFECTS

    22. CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS - SCN SCN: Suprachiasmatic nucleus above optic junction SCN interprets level of light, light serves as synchronizer with 24 hour clock SCN transmits to hypothalamus and pituitary gland Regulate breathing heart rate, body temperature, blood pressure, hormone production, other vital bodily functions

    23. CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS - MELATONIN Light is message of day Melatonin is message of night Melatonin is time-keeping hormone Melatonin sets body clock each day Melatonin produced by Pineal Gland Morningness and Eveningness Traits or Lark and Owl

    24. CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS - ZEITGEBERS TIME GIVERS ENVIRONMENT – LIGHT BEHAVIOR: Social Interaction, Meal Times, Schedules Entrainment: Adjustment Adjustment Process is slow Adjustment can be forward or backward

    25. CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS – LARKS VS OWLS Bed Time Wake Time Most Alert Most Active Best Mood High Temperature Low Temperature Nap Peak Melatonin Personality 8-10 12M-2A Early 2 hrs later Noon 6 PM 2:30 PM 5:30 P 12:30 3 PM 3:30 PM 8 PM 3:30 AM 6 AM Rarely Often 3:30 AM 5:30 AM Introverted Extroverted

    26. EXPOSURE TO SHIFTWORK: SHIFT ADAPTATION Adaptation Maladaption

    27. EXPOSURE TO SHIFTWORK: SHIFT MALADAPTATION ACUTE (1-3 months) Insomnia Sleepiness Mood Disturbance Increased Errors Increased Accidents Family/Social Problems CHRONIC (5+ yrs) Sleep Disorders Gastrointestinal Disease Cardiovascular Disease Absenteeism Family/Marital Problems - Divorce

    28. SLEEP AND FATIGUE Endogenous – Melatonin, Sleep Cycle, Lark/Owl Exogenous- External factors Amount of Sleep is less for rotating shift workers 5.5-6.5 hours compared to day workers 7.5 hours Sleep Patterns are atypical during daylight hours Quality of Sleep bothered by noise, children, traffic telephones, social/familial duties

    29. GASTROINTESTINAL Peptic Ulcers, Gastritis, Gastroduodenitis, Constipation Endogenous Secretion of Intestinal Enzymes Meals and Circadian Patterns Exogenous Food Availability, Quality Alcohol and Tobacco Use Higher

    30. CARDIOVASCULAR Endogenous High Levels of Norepinephrine (causes increase in heart rate and blood pressure) Association with Sleep Disturbance, Fatigue Circadian Rhythms Alteration Diet Exogenous Association with Stress, Anxiety, Work Dissatisfaction

    31. PERFORMANCE Most Accidents in Shift Industries Occur between 10 PM and 2 AM Direct Relationship between Body Temp and Work Efficiency Circadian Pattern to Grip Strength Relationship of Fatigue and Performance

    32. FAMILY AND MARITAL Less Social Organization Participation Unavailable at Social Events of Value Adaptation to Family Roles Increased Probability of Divorce Potential for 2nd Job Predictability of Availability: Rotating Shifts

    33. EXACERBATION OF EXISTING DISEASE Diabetes: insulin secretion and glucose tolerance follow a circadian rhythm, response to medication Respiration: Circadian variation in airway resistance, asthma, allergy, peak expiratory flow rates Medication Effectiveness Epilepsy: Sleep deprivation increases risk

    34. SOCIAL TECHNICAL SYSTEM The social system is the source of all adaptation to change, innovation, ideation, and motivation. Failure to adequately assess and design the organization according to the needs of the social system defeats that which is quintessential to the sociotechnical subsystems to create an organization which meets the demands of the environment as effectively as possible. Pasmore

    35. DISCUSSION The Technical SubSystem of Several Industries Requires 24 hour manpower – shiftwork, how can the organization optimize the technical subsystem and the social subsystem through shiftwork design?

    36. DISCUSSION In consideration of individual propensities and specific contraindications or risk factors, how would you create shiftwork profiles if you could assign workers to shift schedules?

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