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Tyre Recycling in the European Union

Tyre Recycling in the European Union. Dr. Valerie L. Shulman Secretary General, ETRA. ETRA : The European Tyre Recycling Association. Founded in 1994, with 19 members in 5 EU States ETRA has ±250 members in 43 countries, including each EU State;

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Tyre Recycling in the European Union

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  1. Tyre Recycling in the European Union Dr. Valerie L. Shulman Secretary General, ETRA RecShow 08 Jordan

  2. ETRA : The European Tyre Recycling Association • Founded in 1994, with 19 members in 5 EU States • ETRA has ±250 members in 43 countries, including each EU State; • The mission : to develop tyre recycling as an environmentally and commercially sustainable European industry • Objectives: to develop and advance policies that support the industry; to expand and develop markets; to development and implement professional standards; to prepare and promote guidelines for materials, products, applications; to provide communication links • Membership is open to the public and private sectors RecShow 08 Jordan

  3. Post-consumer tyres • ~ 3,250,000 tonnes of post-consumer tyres are permanently removed each year from cars and trucks in the 27 EU States - and defined as waste • It is estimated that an additional ~60,000 to 70,000 tonnes of post-consumer tyres are permanently removed each year from agricultural and other off-road vehicles in the 27 EU States - but not defined as waste RecShow 08 Jordan

  4. Compared with other waste streams RecShow 08 Jordan

  5. The raw materials Rubber compounds - throughout the tyre : treads, sidewalls, etc. Plies andbelts : layers of brass coated steel with rubber Bead wire : Cords of high tensile steel that give form to the tyre Casing : Made of metal, rayon, nylon. Polyester cords RecShow 08 Jordan

  6. Composition by weight of tyres The rubber compounds, metals and textiles are recovered through material recycling RecShow 08 Jordan

  7. Recycling makes sense • It requires 121,000BTUs to produce 1 kg of new rubber materials • It requires only 2,200BTUs to produce 1 kg of clean granulate or powder. Put another way,the Co2 equivalent for 1kg of rubber is : 4,351 for Natural rubber 3,409 for SBR 0,097 for recycled rubber RecShow 08 Jordan

  8. Considering energy use The production of 1 tonne of rubber requires the following : • Natural rubber requires the same amount of energy as driving from Brussels to Singapore (about 10,560km) • Synthetic rubber (SBR) requires the equivalent of driving from Rome to Sidney Australia (15,000km) • Recycled rubber is a much shorter trip - it uses the equivalent of a 400 km ride from Paris (France) to Geneva (Switzerland) RecShow 08 Jordan

  9. Means of tyre valorisation • Re-use and or export • Retreading • Material recycling including : • Civil engineering and construction applications • Environmental rehabilitation projects • Consumer and industrial products • Energy recovery for : • Co-incineration • Cement kilns Each form of valorisation requires a consistent flow of input RecShow 08 Jordan

  10. RecShow 08 Jordan

  11. The attainment level : 2005-6 In 2005-6, ±2 669 219 tonnes of post-consumer tyres were treated in an environmentally sound manner within the 25 States of the EU. ± 222 975 tonnes : export (± 7%) ± 333 250 tonnes : retreading (± 10,5%) ±1 012 920 tonnes :material recycling (± 31,8%) ±1 100 075 tonnes : energy recovery (±34,5%) Together, ±83,8% of post-consumer tyres were diverted from landfills. RecShow 08 Jordan

  12. Elements of the recycling process • Collecting (manual) • Sorting • Pre-treating • Debeading • Cutting • Processing (mechanical) • Shredding • Granulating • Sieving • Packaging • Storing • Delivering RecShow 08 Jordan

  13. The start of tyre recycling : Collecting • Knowing where the tyres are • At small individual sites : • Garages, tyre shops, small retailers, vehicle sales • At large communal depots • Tyre distributors • Fleet managers • Municipal depots • Vehicle dismantlers • Knowing how to move the tyres RecShow 08 Jordan

  14. Category Off road/agricultural tyres Truck tyres Bus tyres Utility tyres Passenger car tyres Winter tyres Approx. Wt./ tyre 170 kg 56 kg 54 kg 8 kg 7 kg 8kg Basic collection information Tyres p/tonne 5.88 17.86 18.52 125 142.60 125 RecShow 08 Jordan

  15. EU Collection systems Sweden Finland Producer responsibility Free market system Norway Adaptation Estonia In transition Latvia Denmark Lithuania Ireland Poland UK Holland Germany Belgium Czech Republic Lux Slovakia France Austria Hungary Romania Slovenia Italy Bulgaria Portugal Spain Greece RecShow 08 Jordan Cyprus Malta

  16. Formula for tyre Collection • To move 1 tonne of tyres costs approximately 2€ per km • Passenger car tyres : 6 - 12 tonnes per delivery 15 tonnes in a walking floor truck • Truck tyres : approximately 14 - 15 tonnes per delivery 17 - 18 tonnes in a walking floor truck • Off-road tyres : 15 tonnes per delivery RecShow 08 Jordan

  17. Stacked tyres Whole tyres are often stacked in a basketweave to save space - particularly when the tyres will be retreaded Tyres for recycling are often transported in bulk - as whole, or as tyre cuts RecShow 08 Jordan

  18. The next steps 1. Sorting : Manual process According to category : truck, passenger car, other Road-worthy : undamaged with minimum 1.66mm tread Retreadable : repairable casing in good condition Non-retreadable : raw material for recycling Many of these tyres are exported to other countries that have less restrictive road-use standards RecShow 08 Jordan

  19. Preparation for recycling 2. Pre-treatment : Manual processes Removal of debris Rinsing - remove dirt, etc. Cutting in halves/quarters Debeading RecShow 08 Jordan

  20. Not all tyres are ready for treatment RecShow 08 Jordan

  21. Truck tyre debeading • Truck tyres are debeaded • The steel is removed • A 60 second spurt at 150 kW/h/t is used • Clean tyre bead steel can substitute virgin material - dependent upon use RecShow 08 Jordan

  22. Tyre processing • Shredding • Chipping • Granulating • Fine granulating • Powders • Material upgrading RecShow 08 Jordan

  23. Environmental impacts : per tonne RecShow 08 Jordan

  24. Shred and chips • Shredders can be mobile or fixed • Shred can vary in size from ±75mm to 300mm in any dimension. • Smaller shred, of <±100mm, can be used loose or compacted, in applications with or without binders • Chips, from ±15 - ±75mm, can be used in applications with or without binders RecShow 08 Jordan

  25. Granulation plant in operation RecShow 08 Jordan

  26. Cost-use-triangle RecShow 08 Jordan

  27. The range of materials : outputs • Since 1995, the range of post-consumer tyre materials produced and used has expanded - principally at the extremes • Larger materials, i.e., whole treated and untreated tyres, bales, shred, chips are increasingly selected by civil engineers • Smaller materials, i.e., granulate, powders, fine powders and specialised products (reclaim, devulcanisates, thermoplastic elastomers, etc.) are being selected by manufacturers of consumer and technical products • Recycling residues are increasingly used for specific innovative applications RecShow 08 Jordan

  28. Post-consumer tyre materials The changing balance of material production and use Granulate 54% Powders 10% Whole tyres 12% Specialty Misc. Shred/chips 15% 7% 2% RecShow 08 Jordan

  29. Whole tyres • Whole tyres can be recycled without physical or chemical transformation • Principal methods of treatment include cutting into halves or quarters, • untreated or, treated by removing the beads or sidewalls, or by compression RecShow 08 Jordan

  30. Characteristics of whole tyres • Characteristics • Lightweight, • Low compacted density, • High void ratio, • Good compressibility, • Water permeability, • Thermal insulation • Non-biodegradable RecShow 08 Jordan

  31. Examples of whole tyre uses Slope stabilisation Construction bale Erosion control Coastal and fluvial protection RecShow 08 Jordan

  32. Shred and Chips • Shred and chips are the result of mechanical processes by which tyres are fragmented into irregular pieces • Shred can vary in size from ±75mm to 300mm in any dimension. • Smaller shred, of <±100mm, can be used loose or compacted, in applications with or without binders • Chips, from ±15 - ±75mm, can be used in applications with or without binders RecShow 08 Jordan

  33. Characteristics of shred and chips • Characteristics • Lightweight, • Low compacted density, • High void ratio, • Good compressibility, • Water permeability 10-1 to • 10-3 m/s • Thermal insulation • Low earth pressure RecShow 08 Jordan

  34. Examples of shred and chips Compacted shred Landfill cell (geotextile) Drainage systems Loose shred Building insulation Loose unbound chips : Compacted unbound chips Bound chips RecShow 08 Jordan

  35. Granulate • Granulate is the result of processing rubber to reduce it in size into finely dispersed particles from ±1mm to ±10mm • There are two principal methods of production : ambient and cryogenic • Ambient size reduction is the most common, particularly for larger truck tyres. RecShow 08 Jordan

  36. Characteristics of granulate Characteristics Variations are based upon the treatment technology Ambient : irregular shape; some thermal degradation due to treatment; reduced cross-linking Cryogenic : regular shape and particle size; smooth, glossy surface; no surface decomposition or thermal stress RecShow 08 Jordan

  37. Examples of granulate uses Artificial turf Road furniture Road furniture Running tracks Artificial turf Insulation Indoor or outdoor tiles/pavers Children’s play grounds Sports arenas Sports stadia RecShow 08 Jordan

  38. Powders and fine powders • Fine granulate is the result of ambient or cryogenic process-ing to obtain finely dispersed particles of less than ±2mm. • Powders and fine powders are the result of processing and post-treating the material to obtain finely dispersed particles of ±500µm - <1.mm RecShow 08 Jordan

  39. Characteristics of powders Characteristics Powders are processed to modify one or more charac-teristic to restore some properties of virgin rubber. Powders include reclaim, surface modified or re-activated material, elasto- meric alloys, among others. They are most often used as ingredients in compounds that are mixed or blended with virgin material RecShow 08 Jordan

  40. RecShow 08 Jordan

  41. We’ll continue to work on it Thank you for your attention RecShow 08 Jordan

  42. The 15th AnnualEuropeanConference on tyre recycling Towards a Recycling society : the challenge 2 - 5 April 2008 The Crowne Plaza Europa, Brussels RecShow 08 Jordan

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