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WWI

WWI. 1914-1918. CAUSES OF WWI. Competition for land and power Growing sense of Nationalism Creation of alliances Militarism. TWO MAIN ALLIANCES. CENTRAL POWERS Germany Austria-Hungary Bulgaria and Turkey ALLIED POWERS Great Britain France Russia

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WWI

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  1. WWI 1914-1918

  2. CAUSES OF WWI • Competition for land and power • Growing sense of Nationalism • Creation of alliances • Militarism

  3. TWO MAIN ALLIANCES • CENTRAL POWERS • Germany • Austria-Hungary • Bulgaria and Turkey • ALLIED POWERS • Great Britain • France • Russia • Belgium and later Italy (also Serbia, Romania, Albania, Montenegro, Greece and Portugal)

  4. MAJOREVENTS:

  5. ASSASSINATION OF ARCHDUKE FRANZ FERDINAND – • Heir to the Austrian throne • Visited Serbia with wife Sophia • Was assassinated by members of Serbian terrorist organization • Sparked WWI

  6. DECLARATIONS OF WAR • Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia and began an invasion – July 28, 1914 • Russia (allied w/ Serbia) ordered mobilization of its troops – July 28-29 • Germany (allied w/ Austria-Hungary) responded by declaring war on Russia and attacked France (Russia’s ally) thereby declaring war with them as well – Aug 1 and 3 • Great Britain declared war on Germany – Aug 4

  7. CHARACTERISTICS OF WWI • Government propaganda • Fought on two fronts • Trench Warfare • Use of airplanes • New weapons (machine guns, poison gas, etc.) • Unrestricted submarine warfare (U-boats) • TOTAL WAR

  8. THE U.S. JOINS THE WAR • The U.S. had maintained a policy of isolationism, which kept the it out of the war for 3 years • The U.S. joined the war in 1917 • Angered by the use of unrestricted submarine warfare (sinking of unarmed civilian vessels) • Zimmerman Note – offer to Mexico to give them U.S. lands if Mexico joined the war and attacked the U.S. (intercepted by U.S. intelligence)

  9. LAST YEAR OF THE WAR • U.S. involvement gave the allies the upper hand • In July of 1918, Germany was pushed back to the German border • In November, the Kaiser abdicated • November 11, 1918 the Germans signed an armistice (agreement to end the war)

  10. THE WAR AT HOME • The Selective Service Act – registered American men for the draft • The War Industries Board – controlled industrial production (government spending increased rapidly between 1916 and 1918) • Espionage and Sedition Acts – targeted socialists and labor leaders (made it a crime to criticize the war effort) • Women and African-Americans filled the jobs of almost 2 million men that fought in Europe

  11. AMERICAN HEROES • General John J. Pershing – led the American Expeditionary Force (instrumental in the Battle of Argonne Forest) • Alvin York – won the medal of honor for bravery and his capturing of many German troops

  12. THE PEACE AGREEMENT The Paris Peace Conference Excluded the Central Powers The Big Three – U.S., Great Britain, France negotiated the peace The Peace of Paris Five separate peace treaties THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES (most important) Germany was punished harshly • lost land • military restrictions • payment for war damages Establishment of the League of Nations

  13. EFFECTS OF WORLD WAR I • European boundaries changed • European monarchies ceased to exist • Political and Social disarray • Genocide of Armenians and other ethnic groups • Millions lost their lives • Hardships placed on Germany gave rise to political changes and the eventual takeover by Hitler

  14. Europe – before and after WWI In 1914 In 1921

  15. Germany’s Territorial Losses: A new independent Poland was created. Germany lost territory to France and Poland, as well as all of its overseas colonies. Austria-Hungary and Turkey: The Austro-Hungarian Empire was divided into several new national states. Turkey lost its territories in the Middle East THE PEACE TERMS ENDING WORLD WAR I Punishing Germany: Germany lost its navy, while its army was reduced to a small police force. Germany was forced to accept blame for starting the war in the “war Guilt Clause” and was required to pay huge reparations (payments for damages) to the Allies. League of Nations: The Treaty created the League of Nations, an organization of nations pledged to defend each other against aggressors. The League was severely weakened when several major powers, such as the United States and Russia, failed to join it.

  16. Activity:Read the articles below from the Covenant of the League of Nations and answer the question that follows. • Article 10. The members of the League undertake to…preserve against external aggression the territorial integrity and political independence of all members. • Article 11. Any war or threat of war, … is hereby declared a matter of concern to the whole League, and the League shall take any action that may be deemed wise to safeguard the peace of nations. • Article 12. Members of the League agree that, if there should arise a dispute likely to lead to a rupture, they will submit the matter … to the Council, and they agree in no case to resort to war until three months after a report by the Council. The award of the arbitrators or the judicial decision shall be made within a reasonable time. Based on these articles, how did the authors of the Covenant believe the League could prevent future wars? ______________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

  17. Germany’s Territorial Losses: Austria-Hungary and Turkey: THE PEACE TERMS ENDING WORLD WAR I Punishing Germany: League of Nations:

  18. THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES In 1919, for the first time, the U.S. Senate rejected a peace treaty. The Senate failed to reach its required two-thirds majority when just 39 of 55 senators voted for the treaty. Though President Woodrow Wilson had personally negotiated the treaty following World War I along with his idea for a League of Nations, the Senate could not agree. “Reservationists”, led by Henry Cabot Lodge, would only approve the treaty if certain reservations or alterations were adopted, while the “Irreconcilables” opposed it in any form. This expressed the view of many former American leaders, including George Washington – that the United States need not “entangle our peace and prosperity in the toils of European ambition” The United States never ratified the Treaty of Versailles, nor did it join the League of Nations. However, in 1921, Congress approved resolutions that formally ended hostilities with both Germany and Austria-Hungary. If you were a senator in 1919, would you have voted for the Treaty of Versailles? Would you have voted to join the League of Nations? Explain your answers. _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________

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