WWI

1. WWI Mrs. Newman

2. Long-term Causes- MAIN • Militarism- aggressive preparation for war • Alliances- • Triple Alliance- GY, Au-Hu, Italy • Triple Entente- GB, FR, RU • Imperialism- competition over land & resources • Nationalism- some ethnic groups didn’t have their own nation or were being ruled by another ethnic group (wanted independence)

3. Immediate cause- “Spark that lit the fuse for WWI” • Gavrilo Princip shot & killed the Archduke & his wife • By 1914, Serbia (supported by Russia) wanted to create a large Slavic state in the Balkans, which Au-Hu wanted to prevent. • A group of terrorists- The Black Hand, wanted Serbia to be free of Au-Hu rule. • June 28, 1914- Archduke Franz Ferdinand & his wife visited Sarajevo, Bosnia.

4. Timeline of events leading to WWI-1914 AU-HU sent an ultimatum to Serbia (after AU-HU received support from GY) July 23, 1914 Serbia rejects the ultimatum AU-HU declares war on Serbia

5. RU orders troops to the AU-HU & German border GY warns RU to stop sending troops w/in 12 hours RU ignores warning & GY declares war on RU (Aug.1)

6. GY declares war on FR & GY demands that Belgium allow German troops to pass through to get to FR. (Aug. 3) Belgium (ally of GB) refuses GB declares war on GY (Aug. 4)

7. Starting the War- Alliances • The Triple Alliance now became the Central Powers- Germany & Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire (Italy dropped out of the TA and joined the Allies) • The Triple Entente now became the Allies- Great Britain, France, Russia, and Italy

8. Germany’s Strategy • Schlieffen Plan- two front war w/ FR & RU • Defeat FR quickly and then go after RU Count Alfred von Schlieffen

9. Govt. Propaganda- ideas spread to influence public opinion for or against a cause German propaganda Many believed war would be over in weeks.

10. http://www.history.com/topics/world-war-i/videos#world-war-i-packshttp://www.history.com/topics/world-war-i/videos#world-war-i-packs War Technology in WWI- “Total War” • Machine guns *poison gas • Trench warfare *airplanes • Artillery *tanks • submarines

11. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SXtsiqrhqsU&edufilter=vH8ntV7keCE-ZLl5wRMzNghttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SXtsiqrhqsU&edufilter=vH8ntV7keCE-ZLl5wRMzNg Problems with trench warfare

12. The Western Front -First Battle of the Marne (Sep. 6-10, 1914)– French halted the Germans and the battle turned into a stalemate (neither side winning/losing) in the trenches -Schlieffen Plan ruined The Eastern Front -RU defeated by GY at the Battle of Tannenberg (Aug. 30, 1914). (RU slow to mobilize troops) -AU-Hu defeated by RU and kicked out of Serbia -GY, Au-Hu, and Bulgaria join forces & defeat the Russians & push them back (Serbia was attacked & eliminated from the war) The Fronts

13. Battles near Verdun and the Somme River-1916 • Trench warfare was deadly and neither side ever gained much ground • Verdun- French vs. Germans (over 300,000 killed) • Somme- British/French vs. Germans (approx. 1 million killed), only a few miles gained by each side http://www.history.com/videos/1916-battle-of-the-somme#1916-battle-of-the-somme

14. http://www.history.com/videos/wwi-firsts#wwi-firsts U.S. enters WWI • U.S. tried to remain neutral at first • England had set up a blockade on Germany (to prevent supplies from getting through) • GY started their own blockade against GB by using unrestricted submarine warfare with u-boats

15. The RMS Lusitania • May 7, 1915- Lusitania sunk by GY’s u-boat • 1,100 killed (128 Americans) • U.S. very upset • GY stops unrestricted submarine warfare • Resumes April 1917 p.510-513 “Special Report”

16. Zimmermann Note/Telegram • Telegram sent by the Foreign Secretary of the German Empire- Arthur Zimmermann (Jan. 16, 1917- which was forwarded to the German ambassador in Mexico- von Eckardt) • Stated GY (when it won WWI) would help Mexico regain land it had lost to the U.S. if Mexico attacked the U.S. • Britain intercepted the telegram • U.S. declares war on GY- April 6, 1917

17. Entry of the U.S. in 1917 gave the Allies a much-needed psychological boost, along with fresh men & material The End is Coming… the war that is! An American “Doughboy”

18. The Home Front • Total War- complete mobilization of resources & people • Govt's. expanded their powers & drafted tens of millions of young men for military service • Set up price, wage, & rent controls; rationed food supplies & materials • Women took over jobs now that the men had gone to war • When the men returned, the women were out of a job

19. 1914- Czar Nicholas made the decision for Russia to go to war (Russia was unprepared) 1915- Nicholas moved his headquarters to the war front Back at the palace, Czarina Alexandra ran the govt., with the help/advice of Rasputin. Russian Revolution The Romanov Family

20. Self-described holy man Convinced the Czarina he had “powers” to heal her son (Alexis) who had hemophilia Given power to make key decisions at court (which most didn’t like) Dec. 1916- murdered Rasputin- “The Mad Monk” http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=76MQqlx7x1w&edufilter=vH8ntV7keCE-ZLl5wRMzNg

21. March Revolution-1917 • Women textile workers led a strike & later riots started over shortages of bread & fuel • Czar Nicholas forced to abdicate • Provisional Govt.- temporary govt. was set up in Russia. • Soviets- local councils of workers, peasants, and soldiers

22. Leader of the Bolshevik Party Early 1900s- fled Russia to avoid arrest by the czarist regime GY arranged for Lenin’s return during WWI (to stir up trouble). Arrived in 1917 Slogan- “Peace, Land, Bread” Nov. 1917- Lenin/Bolsheviks take over Romanovs assassinated-July 1918 Vladimir Lenin

23. Bolshevik Reforms • All farmland distributed among the peasants • Gave control of factories to the workers • 1918- Signed a truce with Germany (Treaty of Brest-Litovsk)- stopped war b/w GY & RU Boris Kustodiev’s 1920 painting "Bolshevik"

24. Soviet Union/USSR • 1922- Russia becomes the USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics or the Soviet Union) • Capital- Moscow • Bolsheviks renamed the Communist Party • Lenin dies in 1924 & is replaced by Joseph Stalin *sickle- the peasants/farmers *hammer- the workers *red- blood spilt by the workers who fought for freedom *yellow star- life and energy of the sun; five points of the star symbolize the single unity and international representation of the government — 5 recognized continents.

25. By April 1918- German troops were within 50 miles of Paris July 1918- GY stopped by French, Moroccan, & U.S. troops in the Second Battle of the Marne GY pushed back & the Allies moved towards GY Second Battle of the Marne

26. The End of WWI • By Sep. 1918- the war is lost for GY • Nov. 11, 1918- GY signed an armistice (truce, an agreement to stop fighting)

27. Peace Treaty • Jan. 1919- Paris Peace Conference • The Big Four- U.S., FR, GB, IT • Lloyd George, Orlando, Clemenceau, Wilson • GY & RU not invited (????) • Wilson’s plan for peace- “Fourteen Points” • League of Nations- organization of countries, to prevent war (formed Jan. 25, 1919)

28. Treaty of Versailles (June 28, 1919) Article 231- “War Guilt Clause”- GY & AU-HU started the war • GY had to pay reparations (war damages) • $32-33 billion • 2010- GY finished paying the US • 2020- the rest of the world GY forced to reduce its army to 100,000 men Cut back its navy Eliminate its air force The Rhineland was established (neutral, de-militarized zone) between FR and GY

29. Aftermath of the First World War

30. New Countries Established • Finland • Latvia • Estonia • Lithuania • Poland • Czechoslovakia • Austria • Hungary • Yugoslavia • New Countries had many ethnic groups within them, which will lead to later conflicts.

31. CSWK/HMWK • P. 528 #1-19 • You do not have to write the questions. • You may work together, though individual work should be turned in. • 5th pr- notes after lunch.