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Micromegas TPC Part II : experiments

This article outlines the operation, properties, and experiments conducted using Micromegas TPC, including the COMPASS experiment, CAST experiment, KABES beam spectrometer, T2K ND-280 TPC, Large Prototype for the ILC, and neutron detectors for Dark Matter search and neutrino studies.

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Micromegas TPC Part II : experiments

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  1. CCAST Micromegas TPCPart II : experiments P. Colas, Saclay Lectures at the TPC school, Tsinghua University, Beijing, January 7-11, 2008 Micromegas TPC

  2. OUTLINE PART I – operation and properties TPC, drift and amplification Micromegas principle of operation Micromegas properties Gain stability and uniformity, optimal gap Energy resolution Electron collection efficiency and transparency Ion feedback suppression Micromegas manufacturing meshes and pillars InGrid “bulk” technology Resistive anode Micromegas Digital TPC Micromegas TPC

  3. OUTLINE PART II – Micromegas experiments The COMPASS experiment The CAST experiment The KABES beam spectrometer The T2K ND-280 TPC The Large Prototype for the ILC Micromegas neutron detectors TPCs for Dark Matter search and neutrino studies Micromegas TPC

  4. COMPASS • MIP detection for measuring the nucleon spin structure • High particle flow : 105 kHz/cm2 • Sparks give less than 1 per mil dead time • Space resolution < 70 mm with 350 mm strips • The largest Micromegas so far (40x40 cm2) • In operation at CERN since 2002 efficiency>97% Going to hadrons and new non-magnetic cathodes in 2008 (with a new magnet) Micromegas TPC

  5. axions Transverse magnetic field (B) L X ray X ray detector CAST CERN Axion Solar Telescope • Solar Axion detection : con- version of solar axions in a LHC magnet -> observe low-energy X-rays • 2D with overlayed crossed strips • In operation at CERN since 2003 • Improvements in progress (energy resolution, shielding, new detector, golden cathode to avoid copper fluorescence, new optics) Micromegas TPC

  6. Low energy spectrum from Micromegas in CAST Cu Fe Cu escape Ar Fe escape 6.5 keV g y X CAST • Low threshold : 600 eV ! • Low background (fluorescence) Micromegas TPC

  7. Tdrift2 Micromegas Gap 50 μm Micromegas Gap 50 μm Tdrift1 KAon BEam Spectrometer NA48/KABES Micromegas TPC for CP violation expt in operation at CERN from summer 2003 to end of 2004. Extension for K+ -> pnn project (25 micron gap)? Time resolution: 0.6 ns Tagged K track Space resolution from drift time measurement:70 μm (T0)KABES- (T0)DCH Spectrometer(ns) XStation1 or 2- XStation3(cm) Tagging with reconstructed K± ±+ - Micromegas TPC

  8. Micromegas TPC

  9. Neutron detection • Use a converter to extract alphas • Numerous applications: neutron tomography, neutron detection in hostile environments Micromegas TPC

  10. Numerous applications: neutron tomography, neutron detection in hostile environments Micromegas TPC

  11. Micromegas TPC

  12. X-ray Radiography (Roentgen 1895) : see bones through skin and meat Neutron Radiography : see gas (H2) through glass and metal Very useful for rocket engine studies Micromegas TPC

  13. T2K : Tokai to Kamiokande • Long Base Line neutrino experiment with an intense beam (0.75MW) • Aiming at q13 , and “atmospheric oscillation” measurements. • 2 detectors: far (SK) and near at 280 m from target • Off-axis beam • JPARC currently under construction  first beam 2009 Micromegas TPC

  14. T2K Physics Goals P(νμ→νμ)≈1- cos4θ13 sin22θ23 sin2(1.27 Δm223 L/Eν) • disappearance • Need flux and spectrum measurement at ND280 detector • 5000 ev/year SK, 105 ev/year ND280 P(νμ→νe)≈sin22θ13 sin2(1.27 Δm213 L/Eν) 1-sin2(2θ23) Δ(m23)2 Eν(MeV) • 100 ev/5 years for sin2(2θ13)=0.1, BKG 15 • Need νe contamination at ND280 and study of other backgrounds Micromegas TPC

  15. Purpose of ND280 • Measure the neutrino spectrum before oscillation. • Measure the intrinsic e beam contamination from  and kaon decays. • Measure the 0 production in Neutral Current with neutrino flux close to the one at SK. • Measure the exclusive cross-sections at the relevant energies (< 1Gev). • Measure nuclear effects that are relevant at these energies: • Proton and pion rescattering and charge exchange. B = 0.2 T Micromegas TPC

  16. T2K 3 TPC stations 2.5 m y z x 2.5 m Detector module 1 m • Started in December 2004, should take data end 2009 • 3 TPCs stations; each with 2 planes of detector modules →From the beginning, think wide operating ranges, flexible hardware modular architecture, design staging Micromegas TPC

  17. Detector A DAQ control Réseau 3 TPC Inside magnet Outside magnet Gigabit Ethernet 1 m Detector B Global trigger 12 duplex Optical fibres 2,5 m TCP/IP VME/PCI backplane bus 6 DCCs 2,5 m 1 of 6 Data Concentrator Card PC Linux x 6 1 of 6 TPC planes (12-modules) 1 of 72 modules 1728 pad Micromegas plane 288 channel Front End Card (FEC) 1 of 1728 Front-End ASIC “AFTER” Slow control network Front End Mezzanine Card (FEM) Optical fiberto/from DCC Power bar 72 channel x 511 time buckets Switched capacitor array Low voltage Power supply The T2K TPC Micromegas TPC

  18. SCA: 76x511 Cells AFTER Technology: AMS CMOS 0.35mm Number of transistors: 400,000 Area: 7546mm x 7139 mm Package: LQFP 160 pins; 30 x 30 x 1.4 mm pitch: 0.65 mm Submission: 24 April 2006 Delivery: end of July 2006 Characterization: October 2006 – March 2007 Micromegas TPC

  19. Connectors to detector plane Passive Components ASIC ASIC ASIC ASIC ~12 cm 4 channel ADC 288 channel FE card Digital output ~25 cm • →Foresee FEC PRR in ~Q1-2008 and production in ~Q2-Q3 2008 Micromegas TPC

  20. Front-End Mezzanine • →Foresee FEM Production Readiness Review in ~Q3-2008 and production in ~Q4 2008 Micromegas TPC

  21. Detector Module Read-out Electronics 288-channel analog Front-End Card (FEC) 1728-pad detector plane 80-pin connector 72-channel ASIC Slow-control Network - CANbus Quad-channel ADC digital Front-end Mezzanine card (FEM) FPGA Fiber to DCC Optical Transceiver Low voltage power 84 modules in total • Data taking at CERN on Harp setup in Sept. 07 • electronics was very stable during the 10-day period of data taking Micromegas TPC

  22. Production and Test Bench at CERN University of Geneva, Barcelona Micromegas TPC

  23. Read-out board Coverlay lamination Detector developed cured tested Micromegas TPC

  24. Micromegas TPC

  25. Micromegas TPC

  26. Bulk detectors are now very stable. Gains up to 60000 But run at 700-800 Ar CF4 Isobutane 95:3:2 Micromegas TPC

  27. 36x34 cm2 1728 pads Pad pitch 6.9x9 mm2 Micromegas TPC

  28. Gain about 800 ! 1 ‘spark’ (100 nA) per 10 hours without beam. Micromegas TPC

  29. B=0.2T Cluster space point resolutionin T2K 2005 1-pad clusters • < 700 m @ 1m 2-pad clusters • Improved space point  for 2-pad clusters • Larger fraction of > 1-pad clusters (low-noise FEE) • Preliminary values of dE/dx resolution for ~ 35cm long tracks (E=160V/cm): - 12.4% B=0.2T - 11.1% B=0.4T  should fulfill requested resolutions of 10% for ~70cm long tracks on both P @ 1 GeV/c and dE/dx B=0.2T 2007 1-pad clusters • < 600 m @ 1m 2-pad clusters Micromegas TPC

  30. Micromegas Panels for Large Prototype • Resistive anode from the start -> resistive “bulk” • Use of T2K electronics • Several solutions for the resistive layer and the mesh under study Micromegas TPC

  31. AFTER-chip based readout • The most compact at present: 72 channels • Very flexible : 10 to 100 MHz sampling, shaping: peaking time from 90 to 800 ns, can be switched off, zero suppression. • Production decided last October 12. Will take place in Q3 2008 (140 000 channels for T2K, 14000 for LC-TPC LP) Micromegas TPC

  32. MICROMEGAS + RESIST. FOIL PANEL 24 rows x 72 pads HV Resistive layer grounding Av. Pad pitch 3.2 x 7 mm Micromegas TPC

  33. connector side Detector side Micromegas TPC

  34. Daisy-chained chips to be equipped with InGrids TimePix multi-chip panel 2x4 matrix SiProt+Ingrid 1 MUROS Pad ~ 2,8 x 6, 8 mm² Micromegas TPC

  35. ATLAS muon chambers for SLHC average single count rates for L=1034 cm-2s-1 Micromegas TPC

  36. ATLAS Micromegas R&D Collaboration Evaluate possible use of micromegas for ATLAS muon chamber upgrade programme • EoI submitted in February 2007 to ATLAS Upgrade Office • Proposal submitted in June 2007 • Expect approval by ATLAS EB in the near future . . . • 15 participating Institutes so far; with growing interest ... • Regular weekly meetings at CERN since February • TWiki page https://twiki.cern.ch/twiki/bin/view/Atlas/MuonMicromegas Micromegas TPC

  37. Goals • Phase I: Build and evaluate small prototype(s) based on micromegas technology to • get familiar with technology • demonstrate required performance Decide on • Operating parameters (gas, gas gain, HV, etc...) • Readout pattern & electronics • Phase II: Develop techniques for the construction of large-size detectors (1m x 2m) Micromegas TPC

  38. The mesh(es) Mesh–readout electrode distance: 128 µm Prototype 1 (P1) Homogeneous stainless steel mesh 325 lines/inch = 78 µm pitch wire diameter: 20–25 µm Prototype 2 (P2) Unidirectional stainless steel/plastic mesh 200 lines/inch = 127 µm pitch wire diameter: 40–45 µm Micromegas TPC

  39. Prototype assembling Al frame on both sides Cathode mounting Assembled chamber 12/20/19 39 Micromegas TPC

  40. Dark matter search • Look for recoiling nuclei (few 100 keV) • Directionality : see the ‘wind of wimps’ : 24h-modulation of the direction • Many projects, many of them use Micromegas • Negative ion TPC : take an attaching gas (CS2, CH3NO3), drift negative ions, they are stripped in the amplification region. Very slow drift, but very low diffusion More neutrino physics Neutrinoless double-beta decay in 136Xe Micromegas TPC

  41. CONCLUSION • Micromegas is a very versatile detector suited to detection of charged particles, neutrons, photons, with high rate, high resolution (E,t,x), low rad. length, large surfaces,low cost,easy operation, robustness,good aging properties, etc… Matter for this talk principally comes from: • IEEE/MPGD workshops, San Diego, October 29, 2006 and Honolulu, October 28, 2007, CERN, September 11, 2008 • 3rd Symposium on Large TPCs for Low Energy Rare Events, Paris, December 11-12, 2006 • Recent work in Aachen, DESY, KEK, CERN, Carleton, Saclay… Micromegas TPC

  42. THANKS • To all colleagues from whom I stole transparencies or plots: I. Giomataris, B. Peyaud, T. Lux, E. Mazzucato, M. Zito, D. Calvet, J. Wotschak, R. de Oliveira, S. Andriamonje, M. Dixit, M. Riallot, A. Delbart, D. Attié, M. Chefdeville, S. Biagi, J. Martoff • For the animations : Gilles Barouch, Dan Burke, D. Attié • Questions/remarks: paul.colas@cea.fr Micromegas TPC

  43. Information • RD51 workshop April 16-18 in Amsterdam • http://www.nikhef.nl/pub/conferences/rd51/ • IEEE/NSS in Dresden October 19-25 • http://www.nss-mic.org/2008/NSSMain.asp • Large TPCs for Low Energy Rare Events (Paris, December 18-19) Micromegas TPC

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