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Cellular Respiration

Learn about cellular respiration and the fermentation process in cells, how ATP is produced from glucose breakdown, and the pathways of glycolysis. Understand the significance of lactic acid and alcoholic fermentation in generating energy under different conditions.

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Cellular Respiration

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  1. CellularRespiration Chapter 9-1

  2. Cellular Respiration • The process in which cells make ATP by breaking down organic compounds, like glucose in the presence of oxygen. SUNLIGHT PHOTOSYNTHESIS C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O AEROBIC RESPIRATION

  3. Glycolysis • A biochemical pathway in which glucose is used to produce pyruvicacid in the cytoplasm just outside the mitochondria. start (glycolysis) in cytoplasm completed in mitochondrion

  4. Glycolysis - Step #1 • Glucose is split into two, 3-carbon molecules of PGAL, using a couple ATP’s

  5. Glycolysis Step #2 • During this step energy from PGAL is passed to an electron acceptor called NAD, forming NADH.

  6. Glycolysis Step #3 • More ATP’s are made.

  7. Glycolysis #4 • Eventually Pyruvic acids and 2 ATP’s are produced.

  8. PGAL • Made at the beginning of Glycolysis and is converted into 2 molecules of Pyruvic Acid.

  9. Products of Glycolysis • Small amounts of ATP • 2 molecules of Pyruvic Acid ATP

  10. Conclusion and Glycolysis Chart • Location – Cytsol just outside the mitochondria • Function – Breaking down glucose to Pyruvic Acid • Reactants – Glucose ADP and NAD (accepts high energy electrons) • Products – ATP, NADH, Pyruvic • Acid.

  11. Fermentation - Cytosol( without oxygen)Anaerobic Respiration • Process: pyruvic acid (initial reactant )produced from glycolysis is converted to other organic compounds. • Fermentation does not produce ATP but does regenerate NAD+ which keeps glycolysis going.

  12. Pathways of Fermentation • Two main pathways: lactic acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation

  13. Lactic Acid Fermentation • 1. An enzyme converts pyruvic acid into a 3-C molecule called lactic acid (stored in your muscles – Soreness) • 2. During fermentation, NADH is converted into NAD. No ATP is made.

  14. 3 NAD will now recycle back to glycolysis to help break down glucose to produce pyruvic acid. • 4. Regenerating NAD in fermentation ensures the cycle of glycolysis to continue operating. • 5. Products made are – Cheeses, Yogurts, and Lactic Acid.

  15. GLYCOLYSIS C6H12O6 ATP 2 energy input 2 NAD+ 2 ADP NADH 2 ATP 4 2 pyruvate energy output 2 ATP net LACTATE FORMATION electrons, hydrogen from NADH 2 lactate Fig. 7.9, p. 118

  16. Alcoholic Fermentation • An enzyme converts pyruvic acid into ethyl alcohol in two steps: • Step -1. A CO2 molecule is removed from the pyruvic acid, leaving a 2-C molecule

  17. Step 2: Two hydrogen atoms from NADH are added to the 2 - carbon compound to form ethyl alcohol,also recycling NAD to return to • Glycolysis.

  18. Products • Process results in the making of beer, wine, and bread.

  19. GLYCOLYSIS C6H12O6 2 ATP 2 NAD+ energy input 2 ADP NADH 2 ATP 4 2 pyruvate energy output 2 ATP net ETHANOL FORMATION 2 H2O 2 CO2 2 acetaldehyde electrons, hydrogen from NADH Fig. 7.10, p. 119 2 ethanol

  20. Conclusion and Alcoholic Fermentation and Lactic acid Chart • Location – Cytosol • Function – Recycle NAD for glycolysis • Reactants – Pyruvic Acid and NADH • Alcohol Products - – Alcohol, Carbon Dioxide, NAD • Lactic acid Products – Lactic acid and NAD

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