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C-Factor Testing

Explore the Hazen-Williams formula, pressure elevation correlations, and loss vs. distance analysis. Learn about minor losses and how factors like material and flow rate impact pressure loss. Discover how C-factor varies with age, chemistry, and diameter, affecting water flow efficiency.

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C-Factor Testing

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  1. C-Factor Testing

  2. Hazen-Williams Formula

  3. Pressure vs Elevation

  4. Pressure Losses vs Distance

  5. “Minor Losses”

  6. Hydrant flow picture-0 flow

  7. Hydrant flow medium rate

  8. Hydrant flow-high rate

  9. Pressure loss vs Flow Rate

  10. Reynold’s Experiment

  11. Sand roughness • PVC 1.5 X 10 exp (-3) • Copper 3.05 X 10 exp(-2) • Steel 2.8 X 10 exp (-2) • Lined Cast .1 • Cast .2 • Concrete .3 • Cement .4

  12. C factor • “A smoothness” coefficient • Higher C means Lower losses • Depends on material, finishing when new • Depends on material, age, chemistry, microbiology when old • Minor imperfections, scums, can have a great effect

  13. C factor Depends on Diameter • Low diameters mean low c-factors • Small imperfections are meaningful • Turbulence is more widespread

  14. C-Factors for 6” pipe • Unlined cast 125 • Lined Cast 133

  15. Unlined cast 125 Lined cast 133 Scraped cst 116 Pigged cst 104 DICL 149 PVC 150 CPP 150 (Large dia) 70-90 NEW 30 years

  16. C-Factor Test Procedures

  17. Long piece of pipe • Dead ended so flow is in one direction • Known, Constant diameter • Minimum of valves, bends, tees, etc

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