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FISH

FISH. MARINE FISH. Uses of Fish. Most economical in ocean Vital source of protein for millions Fertilizer, glue, vitamins, & more Sport fishing Pets. Chordate Phylum. 4 Basic Characteristics One dorsal hollow nerve cord Pharyngeal gill slits A notochord A post-anal tail.

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FISH

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  1. FISH MARINE FISH

  2. Uses of Fish • Most economical in ocean • Vital source of protein for millions • Fertilizer, glue, vitamins, & more • Sport fishing • Pets

  3. Chordate Phylum • 4 Basic Characteristics • One dorsal hollow nerve cord • Pharyngeal gill slits • A notochord • A post-anal tail

  4. Types of Fish • Jawless • Cartilaginous Boney

  5. Jawless Fish – class Agnatha Hagfish – slime eels Lamprey No Jaws – feed by suction and rows of teeth No paired fins and scales like most fish

  6. Cartilagious Fish Class Chondrichthyes

  7. The Elephant Fish is a ratfish

  8. Cartilage Fish • Sharks, rays, skates and ratfishes • Skeleton made of cartilage • Lighter and more flexible than bones • Movable jaws and well-developed teeth • Paired lateral fins for great swimming • Placoid Scales – pointed tip directed back • Made of same stuff as teeth

  9. Shark tidbits • Slow growing – slow reproducing • Shark meat eaten a lot • “regular” fish or scallops • Skin- sandpaper or leather • Oils for lamps etc. • Fins – for soup in Orient • Cartilage – “joint nutrient” for arthritis

  10. Rays and Skates • Dorsoventrally flattened bodies • Live on bottom=demersal • Pectoral fins are flat and large like wings • Only rays and skates have have gill slits on underside of body. • Stingray – poison gland on tail

  11. A Ray or a Skate? – That is the Question The major distinction between Rays and Skates is their reproductive strategy. Rays are viviparous (bearing live young), while skates are oviparous (laying eggs). Less mobility in the ray. Rays have flat plate-like teeth. Skates on the other hand have cusped teeth.

  12. Bony FishClass - Osteichthyes • Fins are supported by rays • two types of rays • soft • spines

  13. Fin Identification • unpaired fins • dorsal • caudal • anal • paired fins • pectoral • pelvic

  14. Skin • epidermis • mucous glands • cuticle • dermis • scales • hypodermis

  15. Scales • placoid • ganoid • cycloid • ctenoid • absent

  16. Lateral line • sensory system • a line of pores lead to mechanoreceptors • environmental information • pressure, currents, sound

  17. Color • cells • chromatophores • pigments • iridophores • reflective substances • control • endocrine system • nervous system

  18. Anatomy overview

  19. Respiratory system • lungs • gills • bilateral • operculum

  20. Gill structure • gill arches • primary lamellae (filaments) • secondary lamellae

  21. Cardiovascular system • 2 chamber heart • atrium • ventricle • sinus venosus • bulbus arteriosus

  22. Circulation • venous blood to heart • hepatic portal system • renal portal system • heart to gills • via ventral aorta • gills to body • via dorsal aorta

  23. Red blood cells • elliptical and nucleated • no bone marrow • main source • head kidney

  24. White blood cells • Similar to mammalian • no lymph nodes or GALT • lymphocytes > neutrophils • lymphoid tissues • thymus • head kidney • spleen • melanomacrophage centers

  25. Excretory system • gills • kidneys • anterior kidney • posterior kidney

  26. Osmoregulation • electrolyte balance • freshwater vs saltwater

  27. freshwater fish water diffuses in ions diffuse out drink little lots of dilute urine actively reabsorb ions kidneys gills saltwater fish water diffuses out ions diffuse in drink a lot concentrated urine actively excrete ions kidneys gills gut Osmoregulation

  28. Swim bladder • Two types • physoclistic • capillary network • physostomatous • pneumatic duct • functions • buoyancy • sound, pressure detection

  29. Digestive system • Stomach • intestine • pyloric • middle • rectal • spiral colon • pyloric cecae • liver • pancreas

  30. Nutrition • Species variation • food • feeding behavior • time • location • obtaining food • general fish nutrition • protein and lipids > carbohydrates

  31. Neuroendocrine system • brain • forebrain • olfactory bulbs • midbrain • optic lobes • cerebellum • spinal cord

  32. Electrical system • electric organs • electroreceptors • examples • electric eel • electric catfish • electric ray

  33. Biolumination • self -luminous • photophores • luciferase • symbiotic bacteria

  34. WATER QUALITY

  35. Water environments • freshwater • brackish water • saltwater

  36. Freshwater system specific gravity: 1.00 Brackish system specific gravity 1.01 Saltwater system specific gravity: 1.02

  37. Bioload • Nonaerated freshwater • 1 inch fish/ gallon • aerated freshwater • 3 inches fish/ gallon • saltwater • 0.5 inches fish/ gallon • excluding tail fin

  38. Ammonia • Nitrogenous • fish waste product • toxic

  39. Nitrification • BacteriaBacteria • (Nitrosomas)(Nitrobacter) • ammonia nitrite nitrate

  40. Conditioning a new tank • seeding bacteria • limited population • time

  41. PH • ranges • freshwater: 7.0-7.6 • brackish: 7.0-7.6 • saltwater: 8.1-8.3

  42. effects inhibits Nitrosomas and Nitrobacter direct health problems for fish control check bioload remove waste calcium rich substrate sodium bicarbonate temporary Decreased PH

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