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Essential Question : How was 1763 (the year the French and Indian War ended) a “turning point” in the relationship between England & her American colonies? RQ 6A (p 164-178). French & English Mercantilist Wars. French & English Colonial Wars.
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Essential Question: • How was 1763 (the year the French and Indian War ended) a “turning point” in the relationship between England & her American colonies? • RQ 6A (p 164-178)
French & English Colonial Wars The French & Indian War changed EVERYTHING between England & the colonies These regulations began with the Navigation Acts in 1660 • The introduction of new English mercantilist policies changed its economic & military attitude towards the colonies: • England increased protective tariffs & trade regulations so the colonies worked for motherland • If that failed, go to war with economic rivals & get the colonists to fight too New mercantilist policies after the French & Indian War led to colonial resentment & the American Revolution
French & English Colonial Wars • A series of European conflicts involving England & France spilled over into colonial North America: • King William’s War (1689-1697) • Queen Anne’s War (1702-1713) • King George's War (1743-1748) • These wars were based on mercantilist competition & had little political significance, but…
…these wars led to a land frenzy in the 1750s, among French & British colonists Territorial disputes along the Ohio River sparked the French & Indian War
Turning Point: 1754 • 1754 proved to be a turning point in American colonial history • In 1754, English officials & colonists met to discuss Iroquois problems at the Albany Congress • Benjamin Franklin proposed the Albany Plan of Union for a coordinated colonial army • The plan was vetoed by colonial assemblies & Parliament This would give the colonists too much power The plan was too expensive & would limit each colony’s power to control its own actions
Ben Franklin’s Albany Plan of UnionAmerica’s 1st political cartoon
Turning Point: 1754 In 1754, VA governor sent 22 year old George Washington to protect an Ohio Company claim Washington’s troops were forced to retreat from Fort Duquesne; This clash proved to be the beginning of the French & Indian War
The French & Indian War • The war went bad for England from 1756 to 1758 • In 1757, Prime Minister William Pitt took command of the military: • Used well-qualified generals • Had a “blank check” to fund the war in America, India, & Europe • In 1758, the tide of the war turned; England won by 1760
1758-1761 The Tide Turns for England By 1761, Spain became an ally of France
Treaty of Paris • France—lost Canada, most of its empire in India, & claims to lands east of the Mississippi River • Spain—got all French lands west of the Miss. River, New Orleans, but lost Florida to England • England—gained all French lands in Canada, exclusive rights to the Caribbean slave trade, & total control of India
North America after 1763 America in 1750 America in 1763
How was 1763 a“turning point” in the British-colonial relationship?
Perceptions of the War • Colonial views: • Colonies could be very strong when they worked together • Newly gained frontier presented opportunities for wealth & land • Colonists learned how to fight • English views: • Americanswereslowtoorganize & balked at helping raise money even to protect their own lands
Effects of the War on Britain? • The war increased England’s colonial empire in North America • But, the Pitt’s “blank check” greatly enlarged England’s debt • Britain’s contempt for the colonials created bitter feelings • As a result, English leaders felt that a major reorganization of its American empire was necessary!
Effects of the War on Americans? • The 1760s were an affluent & optimistic “post-war” period: • The French & Indian War united the colonists against a common enemy for the 1st time • Most colonists considered themselves proud members of England’s empire with little (if any) thought of independence
Parliamentary Sovereignty • In 1760, George III became king & began a new colonial attitude: Parliamentary Sovereignty • English officials assumed that Parliament must have ultimate authority over ALL laws & taxes • The colonists tried to reserve the colonial authority for their own legislatures
“No Taxation Without Representation” • The colonists assumed that their assemblies were quasi-equal to Parliament because they had no Parliamentary representatives • British officials countered with “virtual representation” argument • The colonists insisted that only their colonial assemblies could tax Americans Parliament represents ALL British citizens no matter where they live
Two Theories of Representation • What was the extent of Parliament’s authority over the colonies? • How could the colonies accept the decisions of Parliament when they did not have representation in that governmental body? Absolute? OR Limited?
Eroding the Bonds of Empire • After the Seven Years War, everyone expected George to remove British army from America (French were no longer a threat) • But…this large, expensive army was not removed • British citizens were not happy because they had to pay for it • Colonists doubted the army’s ability to defend against Indians
Pontiac’s War • Backcountry natives banded together to repel white frontier settlers during Pontiac’s War: • Indian successes exposed the British army’s weakness • Attacks revealed desperation of Native Americans after the withdrawal of their French allies • Colonials took matters into their own hands (Paxton Boys in PA) English colonists flooded across the Appalachian Mountains: “There’s all this land & no French!!”
Pontiac’s Rebellion, 1763 Fort Detroit • Chief Pontiac led the Ottawa & other tribes against colonists due to: • The flood of colonists into Ohio Country • British “gifts” of smallpox-infected blankets from Fort Pitt
Retaliatory attacks by frontier colonists (like the Paxton Boys in Pennsylvania) were common
The Proclamation of 1763 • In response to Pontiac’s War, the British government established the Proclamation Line of 1763: • This law forbade colonists from settling across the Appalachian Mountains (for their own protection) • Americans viewed the line as an obstruction to their “legitimate economic development”
New Political Ideas All gov’ts are susceptible to corruption, tyranny, & intrusion upon citizens’ liberty • The introduction of Parliamentary sovereignty contradicted England’s original policy of salutary neglect • The influx of new political ideas of the European Enlightenment began to impact colonial thought (especially those of John Locke) • While no colonists were thinking of independence by 1763, many became committed to “natural rights” & opposed to “tyranny” “Virtuous” citizens must fight tyranny
Rule Britannia? • Despite the mounting tensions between the English government & American colonists by 1763, most Americans were loyal “brothers” to England due of: • a shared British culture • dependence upon British consumer goods • shared nationalism after British military victories against France