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UGBS 108 PSYCHOLOGY FOR EVERYDAY LIVING

UGBS 108 PSYCHOLOGY FOR EVERYDAY LIVING. Lecturer: Dr. Paul Narh Doku , Dept of Psychology, UG Contact Information: pndoku@ug.edu.gh. Session 8 – Learning. Session Overview.

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UGBS 108 PSYCHOLOGY FOR EVERYDAY LIVING

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  1. UGBS 108PSYCHOLOGY FOR EVERYDAY LIVING Lecturer: Dr. Paul NarhDoku, Dept of Psychology, UG Contact Information: pndoku@ug.edu.gh Session 8 – Learning

  2. Session Overview • This session introduces learners to the principles of learning and behavior by surveying relevant theoretical and empirical approaches within learning psychology. The following topics will be reviewed: Meaning and scope of learning, classical conditioning and its practical applications, operant conditioning and its applications, observational learning and its applications, cognitive learning and its applications, transfer of learning and the factors that affect transfer of learning. Understanding these learning theories and principles is an integral part of psychology and other domains of human behavior, such as marketing, sports, health, education and relationships Dr. Richard Boateng, UGBS

  3. Session Outline • The key topics to be covered in the session are as follows: Topic One – Defining Emotions Topic Two - Theories of Emotion Topic Three - Embodied Emotion Topic Four - Expressed Emotion Topic Five - Experienced Emotion

  4. Reading List • Refer to students to relevant text/chapter or reading materials you will make available on Sakai

  5. Defining EmotionThe feeling, such as fear, joy, or surprise, that underlies behavior

  6. Emotion Emotions are our body’s adaptive response.

  7. Emotion Emotions are a mix of 1) physiological activation, 2) expressive behaviors, and 3) conscious experience.

  8. EmotionThree Components of Emotion • Emotion is…. • ….a feeling state characterized by physiological arousal, expressive behaviors, and a cognitive interpretation.

  9. Summary on defining Emotions • Emotion/affect: Emotions are stirred up states…………a positive or negative response that includes some combination of physiological arousal, cognitions, and behavior • Components of emotion include: • Cognitive: thoughts, beliefs and expectations • Physiological: Internal physical changes related to arousal • Behavioral: Outward signs of an emotional state

  10. Experienced Emotion Izard (1977) isolated 10 emotions. Most of them are present in infancy, except for Shame, and guilt. Bob Daemmrich/ The Image Works Patrick Donehue/ Photo Researchers, Inc. Tom McCarthy/ Rainbow Lew Merrim/ Photo Researchers, Inc. Marc Grimberg/ The Image Bank Nancy Brown/ The Image Bank Michael Newman/ PhotoEdit

  11. Fear Surprise Sadness Disgust Anger Anticipation Joy Acceptance Basic Emotions • Plutchik proposed that there are eight basic emotions

  12. Plutchik’s Basic Emotions

  13. Basic Emotions • Some have criticized Plutchik’s model as applying only to English-speakers • Revised model of basic emotions includes: • Happiness • Surprise • Sadness • Fear • Disgust • Anger

  14. Emotional Expression • Emotional states are communicated via • Facial expressions • Certain emotional facial expressions are recognized across cultures • Body movements can signal emotional arousal (hair twisting, facial tics) • Tone of voice can signal emotion (paralanguage cues)

  15. The Expressive Component Nonverbal CommunicationHow Well do People Identify Emotions?

  16. Brain Control of Emotion • Limbic system is involved in emotional states • Includes the amygdala, hypothalamus • Frontal lobes modulate emotions (Phineas Gage)

  17. Three Theories of Emotion • Does your heart pound because you are afraid... or are you afraid because you feel your heart pounding?

  18. Controversy • Does physiological arousal precede or follow your emotional experience? • Does cognition (thinking) precede emotion (feeling)?

  19. Commonsense View When you become happy, your heart starts beating faster. First comes conscious awareness, then comes physiological activity. Bob Sacha

  20. 1. James-Lange Theory William James and Carl Lange proposed an idea that was diametrically opposed to the common-sense view. The James-Lange Theory proposes that physiological activity precedes the emotional experience.

  21. Sight of oncoming car (perception of stimulus) Pounding heart (arousal) Fear (emotion) James-Lange Theory of Emotion • Experience of emotion is awareness of physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli

  22. The Physiological Component A Historical PerspectiveJames-Lange Theory of Emotion • Emotion arises from physiological arousal • Happiness comes from smiling • Sadness comes from crying

  23. 2. Cannon-Bard Theory Walter Cannon and Phillip Bard questioned the James-Lange Theory and proposed that an emotion-triggering stimulus and the body's arousal take place simultaneously.

  24. Pounding heart (arousal) Sight of oncoming car (perception of stimulus) Fear (emotion) Cannon-BardTheory of Emotion • Emotion-arousing stimuli simultaneously trigger: • physiological responses • subjective experience of emotion

  25. The Physiological Component A Historical PerspectiveCannon-Bard Theory of Emotion • Emotion originates in the thalamus “Body” (physiological systems) and “Mind” (emotional experience) are independently activated at the same time

  26. 3. Two-Factor Theory Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer proposed yet another theory which suggests our physiology and cognitions create emotions. Emotions have two factors–physical arousal and cognitive label.

  27. Pounding heart (arousal) Sight of oncoming car (perception of stimulus) Fear (emotion) Cognitive label “I’m afraid” Schachter’s Two Factor Theory of Emotion • To experience emotion one must: • be physically aroused • cognitively label the arousal

  28. The Cognitive Component Schachter’s Two-Factor Theory of Emotion • Physiological arousal • Sweaty palms • Increased heart rate • Rapid breathing • Cognitive Label • Attribute source of arousal to a cause. • To have an emotion, both factors are required.

  29. Summary of the Theories of Emotion • James-Lange theory • Environmental stimuli bring on physiological changes that we interpret as emotions • Cannon-Bard theory • Environmental stimuli elicit emotions and bodily responses simultaneously • Cognitive theory • Environment gives us clues that help us interpret physiological reaction

  30. Reviewing the three Emotion occurs at the same time as arousal Arousal + Cognitive label  Emotion Emotion follows (lags behind) arousal

  31. Summary of Theories of Emotion

  32. Emotion - Lie Detectors • Polygraph • machine commonly used in attempts to detect lies • measures several of the physiological responses accompanying emotion • perspiration • heart rate • blood pressure • breathing changes

  33. Emotion- A Polygraph Examination

  34. Emotion- Lie Detectors • Control Question • Up to age 18, did you ever physically harm anyone? • Relevant Question • Did the deceased threaten to harm you in any way? • Relevant > Control --> Lie

  35. Respiration Perspiration Heart rate Control question Relevant question Control question Relevant question (a) (b) Emotion-Lie Detectors

  36. Percentage 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Innocent people Guilty people Judged innocent by polygraph Judged guilty by polygraph Emotion - Lie Detectors • 50 Innocents • 50 Theives • 1/3 of innocent declared guilty • 1/4 of guilty declared innocent (from Kleinmuntz & Szucko, 1984)

  37. Detecting and Computing Emotion Most people find it difficult to detect deceiving emotions. Even trained professionals like police officers, psychiatrists, judges, and polygraphists detected deceiving emotions only 54% of the time. Dr. Paul Elkman, University of California at San Francisco Which of Paul Ekman’s smiles is genuine?

  38. References • Coon, D. and Mitterer, O. J (2013). Introduction to Psychology (13th ed). Wadsworth Cengage learning. Pp. 350-361 • Feldman, S. R, Collins, J. E. and Green, M. J (2005). Essentials of understanding psychology (2nd ed). McGraw-Hill Ryerson. pp. 277-283 • Kosslyn, M. S, and Rosenberg, R. (2006). Psychology in context. pearson. Pp. 426-448 • Weiten, W. (2009). Psychology: Themes and variations (8th ed). cengage learning. Pp. 419-428 Dr. Richard Boateng, UGBS

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