Human Development Concept And Approach by Dr. K Seeta Prabhu Senior Advisor, UNDP India

1. Human Development Concept And Approach by Dr. K Seeta Prabhu Senior Advisor, UNDP India PMRDF Training Programme TISS, Hyderabad 30 April 2012

2. LEARNING OUTCOMES • Understand reasons for emergence of HD approach • Define Human Development • HD, Human Rights and Human Security • HD and Economic Growth • HD and other approaches-HRD, Basic Needs • Characteristics and Principles of HD • MDGs and HD • Operationalising HD

3. DEFINING DEVELOPMENT • How do we define development? • Identify three defining characteristics

4. Film on Evolution of HD Approach

5. DEFINING HUMAN DEVELOPMENT • "The basic purpose of development is to enlarge people's choices. In principle, these choices can be infinite and can change over time. The objective of development is to create an enabling environment for people to enjoy long, healthy and creative lives.“ Mahbub ul Haq • Human achievements – key indicators of progress - not merely per capita income which is not a reliable indicator – • People may value non-income parameters like peace and security, gender equality, satisfying leisure hours, sense of participation

6. FUNCTIONINGS AND CAPABILITIES Capabilities and functionings form conceptual foundations of the HD Approach • Functionings - valuable ‘beings and doings’ of people • Elementary functionings –being healthy and nourished • Complex functionings – ability to contribute to community life, achieving self respect, ability to ‘appear in publik without shame’ • Developmental Goal: to enhance people’s potential ‘to be & to do’ • Combination of functionings – capabilities • One more way of looking at these concepts • Potential ‘beings and doings’ are capabilities • Actual ‘beings and doings’are functionings

7. DEVELOPMENT AS FREEDOM Freedom to choose functionings is crucial • People as ‘Agents’ – not recipients of welfare and benefits • AmartyaSen - Development as Freedom • Freedom has intrinsic value • valuable in itself • Freedom has instrumental value • as a means to other things • Freedom ‘from’ is as important as freedom ‘to’

8. HD AND HUMAN RIGHTS • Both guarantee basic freedoms • Compatible and complementary – both required to enhance well being • Emphasis in HD • enhancement of choices & capabilities - focus on duty bearers and public policies – • Emphasis in HR • entitlements of claim holders – emphasis on legal change, social movements to generate demand • Human Rights initially viewed as political rights- now includes social, cultural and economic rights

9. HD AND HUMAN SECURITY • Human Development Report 1994 defined human security as ‘Freedom from Want and Freedom from Fear’ • Human Security concept goes beyond concerns of national security and threats of conflicts to focus on the individual • Not merely physical security but ability to secure minimum requirements • 7 components of human security • Economic • Food • Health • Environmental • Personal • Community • Political • Acts as a bridge between concepts of human rights and human development

10. ECONOMIC GROWTH AND HD • HD advocates believe: • income a means- end is enhancing people’s capabilities • Simultaneous expansion of choices in dimensions other than economic– social, cultural, political,environmental • No automatic link –trickle down cannot be relied upon • Growth advocates believe: • Expanding income is an end in itself • Growth does trickle down

11. HD IS ABOUT… • People- “how” and for “whom” -not just “what” to do • Emphasis from “are we doing things right” to -“are we doing the right things” • Go beyond income to ensure growth is notjobless, voiceless, rootless, ruthless, futureless -1996 Global HDR

12. WHAT HD IS NOT…. HD and Human Resource Development • Evolved in 1960s from Schultz’s concept of human capital • Powerful implications – human beings resources/inputs in production process – not ends in themselves • Education and health means of enhancing human capital • Rates of return important Basic Needs Approach • Evolved in 1970s from ILO focus on providing basic needs for poor – food, shelter, clothing, health care, water etc • Focus on provision of goods • Ignores choices and underplays freedom • Ignores ‘agency’ aspect of individuals – people treated more as beneficiaries

13. COMPARING APPROACHES

14. CHARACTERISTICS OF HD • Under Construction • Multidimensional • Inter-disciplinary • Pragmatic

15. FOUR PILLARS OF HD Equity Participation Efficiency Sustainability

16. MILLENNIUM DECLARATION AND MDG • Millennium Summit of United Nations General Assembly in September 2000- 189 member States adopted the Millennium Declaration and Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) • Declaration reaffirms values including equality, mutual respect, and shared responsibility for the condition of all peoples • 8 Goals – 21 Targets and 60 indicators to be achieved by 2015 • Lends specificity to HD approach • Roadmap to ensure Human Development

17. MDG GOALS AND TARGETS

18. MDG GOALS AND TARGETS

19. MDG GOALS AND TARGETS

20. WHY MEASURE HD? • Measuring HD important for • assessment of HD situation in country • monitoring of HD situation • evidence based policy making • HD multi-dimensional – quantitative and qualitative data on various dimensions • MDGs have lent specificity to HD – the indicators are measurable and can be monitored at disaggregated level

21. NEED FOR HDI • HDI arose out of need to evolve suitable alternative to per capita GDP as an indicator • Needed an index that was • Simple to compute • Measures both economic and social dimensions • Enables national and international comparisons • HDI measures achievements in • Longevity • Knowledge • Decent standard of living

22. CALCULATING THE HDI • Human Development Index used as an important composite measure of HD - combined index of three choices reflected in indicators • Long lasting and healthy life • Life Expectancy at Birth • Access to knowledge • Adult Literacy Rate, Combined Enrolment Ratio • Resources for a decent life • GDP per capita • Refined methodology since 2010 – same dimensions but better specified indicators and methodology • Concept of HD is much broader than HDI • Includes both economic and social choices • HDI uses limited indicators to keep index simple

23. HD AND MDGs

24. INEQUALITY ADJUSTED HDI • IHDI introduced in 2010 HDR - calculated for each dimension separately and when aggregated indicates loss in HDI value due to inequality • Addresses criticism that HDI looks only at average achievements and does not take into account inequlaity

25. GENDER INEQUALITY INDEX • Three dimensions, five indicators • Methodology: • Focus on gender inequality – replaces the Gender related Development Index (GDI) and the Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM) • Combines indicators of development and empowerment

26. MULTIDIMENSIONAL POVERTY INDEX

27. UNDERSTANDING THE MPI • Interpretation • Identifies the share of the population suffers multiple deprivations at the same time, adjusted by the intensity of the deprivations suffered • Value added • Uses data from the same survey and thus identifying people who are poor in multiple dimensions at the same time • Can be decomposed to show extent to which different groups suffer multidimensional poverty and each deprivation

28. INDIA- HUMAN DEVELOPMENT STATUS • In 2011- India’s HDI value 0.547 • Rank 134 among 187 countries – middle HD country • India’s 2011 HDI value lower than the 1990 HDI value of - Brazil, Mexico, Sri Lanka, Thailand and South Africa • China’s life expectancy in 1990 – 68.3 years • India’s life expectancy in 2011 – 65.4 years

29. INDIA- IHDI AND GII • Aggregate human development status masks pervasive inequalities in India • IHDI value- 0.392 - India loses 28.7% of its HDI value on account of inequalities • Highest loss is in education dimension - 40.6% followed by health 27.1% and income 14.7% • India ranks 129 on GII out of 146 countries • India ranks lower than all South Asian countries on the GII except Afghanistan

30. MULTIDIMENTIONAL POVERTY IN INDIA • MPI value- 0.283 • 612 million or 53.7% of India’s population is multidimensionally poor • 28.6% of the population severely poor • India has the largest concentration of multidimensional poor people in the world

31. DIMENSIONS OF DEPRIVATION • Given India’s size, dimensions of deprivation huge • Number of income poor – 407 million –equal to total population of Brazil 185 million and Japan 127 million • Population of poor in India’s 8 poorest States equal to population of 26 African States • 233 million undernourished = total population of Indonesia 216 million + Ghana 20 million • India’s performance will have impact on MDGs globally

32. DISAGGREGATING THE HDI - THE NEED • Need to assess and monitor human development at disaggregated level • Disaggregated HDIs helps highlight significant disparities and gaps and redirect policy/budget • Can be used for local communities as pressure tool, for participatory planning, accountability, etc. • Used in several countries for studying disparities across regions and social groups

33. PROGRAMMES FOR HD • Must enlarge ‘range of people’s choices’ • Must improve equity, efficiency, participation simultaneously to ensure sustainability • HD is development ‘by the people for the people’

34. THANK YOU!