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Chapter 12 Gender Roles and Sexuality

Chapter 12 Gender Roles and Sexuality. Male and Female. Genetic: XX=female; XY=male Gender roles: behaviors Communality vs. Agency Gender role norms: expectations Gender-role stereotypes: Overgeneralizations, inaccuracies Gender typing: acquiring the role. Gender Differences.

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Chapter 12 Gender Roles and Sexuality

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  1. Chapter 12Gender Roles and Sexuality

  2. Male and Female • Genetic: XX=female; XY=male • Gender roles: behaviors • Communality vs. Agency • Gender role norms: expectations • Gender-role stereotypes: • Overgeneralizations, inaccuracies • Gender typing: acquiring the role

  3. Gender Differences • Verbal: Females slightly higher • Spatial: Males higher • Math: Males highest and lowest • Aggression and riskiness: males • Compliant, tactful, cooperative: females • Nurturant, empathic, anxious: females • Vulnerability: males

  4. Figure 12.1

  5. Social-role Hypothesis (Eagly) • Roles create stereotypes • Context and culture important • Changes occurring today • Psychological differences • Few and small • Important • Differential roles continue

  6. Infancy • Differential treatment • Differential expectations • By 18 mo: categorical self • By 21/2 yr: gender identity • 18-24 mo: gender toy preference

  7. Childhood • 3 yrs: gender stereotypes acquired • Gender rigidity until age 6 • Gender constancy: by ages 4-6 • Gender typed behavior by age 2 1/2 • Greater by age 6 • Stronger rules for boys

  8. Adolescence • Gender intensification • Pubertal hormonal changes • Preparation for reproductive activities • Gender and peer conformity • Later adolescence more flexible thinking

  9. Biosocial Theory • Money and Ehrhardt • Biological development • Presence of Y chromosome • Testosterone masculinizes brain and nervous system • Social influences and labeling at birth • Gender behavior through social interaction

  10. Figure 12.3

  11. Psychoanalytic Theory • Oedipus (boy) and Electra (girl) Complex • Research supports • Identification with same-sex parent • Preschool years important • Importance of father for both • Stronger male reaction

  12. Social Learning Theory • Differential reinforcement • Observational learning • Fathers differentiate most • Internalization of parent views • Peers, media, books, etc

  13. Cognitive Theories • Kohlberg: self socialization • Stage-like changes • Gender identity: ages 2-3 • Label themselves correctly • Gender stability: ages 3-4 • Stable over time • Gender consistency: ages 5-7 • Stable across situations

  14. Gender Schema Theory • Information processing • Gender schemata by ages 2-3 • In-group/out-group schema • Own-sex schema • Child looks for confirming information in the environment

  15. Adulthood • Gender roles over the life-span • At marriage: greater differentiation • Birth of child: it increases more • Parental imperative • Middle age and older: Androgyny • Shift - does not mean switch

  16. Figure 12.5

  17. Sexuality Over the Life Span • Infant sexuality: CNS arousal • Childhood • Learn about reproduction • Curiosity and exploration • Sexual abuse: like PTSD • Adolescence: sexual identity, orientation • Double standard: decline?

  18. Adult Sexuality • Most are married • Gradual declines • Individual differences • Married have more sex • Males sexual peak: age 18 • Female sexual peak: age 38

  19. Older Adults • Stereotype: Asexuality • Reality: decline • Diseases and disabilities • Social attitudes • Lack of a partner • Physiologically able in old age

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