Community, Political Culture and the Surveillance of Public Places コミュニティー、政治文化と 公共の場の監視

2. Community, Political Culture and the Surveillance of Public Placesコミュニティー、政治文化と公共の場の監視 Street-Level Imaging in Comparative Perspective ストリート・レベルイメージの比較 Presentation to the International Society of Criminology, Kobe, Japan August 5, 2011

3. What is Political Culture? • “The sum of the fundamental values, sentiments and knowledge that give form and substance to political processes” (Lucian Pye) • “Political culture is the pattern of individual attitudes and orientations toward politics among the members of a political system. It is the subjective realm which gives meaning to political actions” (Gabriel Almond) • Cognitive aspects • Affective aspects • Evaluative Aspects

4. Social Capital (Robert Putnam) • Refers to “a culture of trust and cooperation which makes collective action possible and effective…it is the ability of a community to develop the “I” into the “we.” A political culture with a fund of social capital enables a community to build political institutions capable of solving collective problems.” • Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy (1993) • Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community (2000)

5. Political Culture and Personal Privacy • Alan Westin “Privacy and Freedom” • UK: Deferential Democratic balance • Germany: Authoritarian Democratic balance • US: Egalitarian democratic balance • Barrington Moore “Privacy: Studies in Social and Cultural History” • Empirical survey data on ‘trust’ in organizations • Harris-Westin surveys • Zureik et al. Surveillance, Privacy and the Globalization of Personal Information (2010)

6. Level of Trust in Government and Corporations (Ipsos-Reid 2006)

7. Comparative attitudes to community surveillance

8. A possible theoretical relationship

9. An example: identity cards

10. Problems with Prior Studies • Many cultural generalizations based on anecdote: • e.g. “The Englishman’s home is his castle” • Lack of equivalence in survey data • Abstract notions of trust often divorced from specific practices • Breakdowns by other demographic variables often not possible • Much of our survey data does not address the private sector

11. The Case of Community Street-View Technologyコミュニティー・ストリートビュー　テクノロジーとは • Common set of practices and a common time-frame • Related to an attribute of privacy that is historically sensitive – the home • Question: Can we generalize about variable national responses to street view technology and thereby draw insights into political culture and community? • ストリートビューテクノロジーに対する様々な国の対応を比較し、政治文化の違いとの関係性について一定の憶測を測れるか?

12. Current Products and Services • Google Street View • Microsoft Streetside • Mapjack • EveryScape

25. Google’s Response http://maps.google.com/help/maps/streetview/privacy.html

26. http://maps.google.com/help/maps/streetview/privacy.html

27. http://maps.google.com/help/maps/streetview/privacy.html

28. Function creep…

30. Alternative Responses • A popular and valuable tool that outweighs any and all privacy considerations because no privacy in public spaces • A need to balance the social value against a limited interest in privacy in public spaces through blurring and opt-out mechanisms • The moral equivalent of “staring” constantly and anonymouslyrequiring resistance – the “asymmetry of the gaze” • The “googlization of everything”

31. Street view, community and political culture • A story of cultural variation being overwhelmed by a technological imperative • BUT: • The cultural interpretation of identification • The cultural interpretation of public and private space • The cultural expression of privacy advocacy

32. www.privacyadvocates.ca

33. THANK YOU VERY MUCH どうもありがとうございました www.colinbennett.ca